这篇博客吧它不是用来看的~就是摆这儿纪念一下

花了老子{yt}的时间翻译的 我真是要崩溃了

但还是很开心 嘻嘻 因为%￥#*&所以很开心！！！

赵可为小盆友还友情赞助了两段 话说她翻译的要比我流畅太多了 伦敦呆的好啊 吼吼

至于我自个儿翻译的嘛 呃 怎么读都有那么点儿小别扭

但亲爱的还是说好 哈哈 他敢说不好！！！ 我会灭了他的！！！

宝贝出差啦 丫头甚是想念（呃...话说他今儿早才走滴！嘻嘻！）

momo要在这四月份还下雪的名副其实滴冰城里继续我热情似火的小日子

嗯 啰嗦完毕

... ...

COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic machine that is capable of solving complex problems quickly and accurately . Computers can perform many operations at once without confusion . They can simulate activities of the human brain such as remembering , comparing , and analyzing . A computer is used primarily to manipulate great amounts if information in very short periods of time . Computers are able to store , sort , and rapidly retrieve information . Although computers he’ve become very sophisticated and now affect many aspects of human life , they are not able to think . Detailed information and instructions must programmed into by human beings before they are able to perform tasks .

History: The earlier mechanical aid for solving mathematical problems was the abacus . It was used for thoughts of years before the Enlish mathematician Charles Babbage invented a type of calculator in the 1830s . Then , in 1930 , Vannevar Bush , an American engineer , built an analog computer which was later modified and used in World War Ⅱ to aim antiaircraft guns . In 1944 , Professor Howard H . Aiken of Harvard University developed a digital computer . It operated mechanically and performed its tasks relatively slowly .

The first ture electronic digital computer was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) , built in 1946 by engineers at the University of Pennsylvania . It had 18000 vacuum tubes , 70000 resistors , 10000 capacitors , and 6000 switches . ENIAC could perform as many as 5000 additions and subtractions per second . It occupied the space of a two-car garage .

Computer technology has programmed rapidly , producing faster , more accurate machines which are smaller and less expensive than earlier models . The development of transistors and printed circuits increased the computer’s usefulness , as did integrated circuits (ICs) . An IC can be contained on a single piece , or chip , of silicon , on which any number of transistors are directly etched , together with the connections between them .These chips are called microprocessors , and one of them can contain the heart of a digital computer ---its entire central processing unit . Chips can be programmed to do any number of tasks .

Types of computer : There are two main types of computer ---analog and digital . An analog computer is a specific-purpose machine that measures one physical quantity in terms of another . It can record temperature , speed , or measure other things which change constantly . Information is fed directly are used to test certain engineering designs , to simulate space flights for astronauts before they actually go into space , and to control the paths of rockets and missiles in flight .

Digital computer operate through combinations of open and closed circuits . The binary system of number is the basis for the languages used to operate digital computers . Most computer used in business or in the home are digital computers . These general-purpose or personal computers hace programs stored internally . The programs can be modified , depending on input made by the user . Digital computers have the ability to handle Information more readily than the analog type , and they are also capable of storing larger amounts of Information . They can perform extremely complex mathematical problems in less than a second , and they can control other computers and machines for industrial and other use .

Parts of a digital computer : The electronic machinery of digital computer ---the hardware --- consists of the computing machine and peripheral machines . The central processing unit (CPU ) is the main part of the machine . It includes the memory for storing Information until needed , a control unit which gives specific instructions for processing data , and the arithmetic logic unit that performs the operations as directed . Many modern digital computer use a microprocessor chip that performs all of the CPU’s functions .

Peripheral machines include input and output equipment . Different equipment for inputting Information has been used punched cards , punched paper tape , magnetic tapes , magnetic disks , teletype machines , and telephone modems are some . They send Information to the CPU . Punched cards and paper tape have holes arranged in special patterns that can be read by the CPU , while magnetic tapes and disks use small , magnetic signals to give information to the CPU . A teletype machine has a keyboard like a typewriter on which an operator can send information directly .Telephone modems enable one computer to receive information from an outside source over telephone lines . Modern computers use disks that are placed in disk drive units used for input , high-speed printers (line printers ) , cathode ray tubes (visual display units ) , and voice-response units . A cathode ray tube displays information on a television-like screen . A voice-response unit prerecorded human sounds to give answer .

In the CPU , the memory unit stores information on tiny , magnetized rings called cores . Information on these cores is in the form of binary numbers . Each core represents one bit (Binary digitT) of information ; a pattern of bits represents a “word ” of data . Typical “word ” lengths used by computers are 16,24,and 32 bits long . In many cased , a byte (8 bits ) is used . Computer memory is often measured in bytes , which are usually equivalent to one typed character on a typewriter . The size of the computer’s memory is generally described in Ks (1 K is 1024 bytes ) .

There are two basic forms of memory ---ROM and RAM . ROM (Read Only Memory ) contains the instructions for starting up the computer . It is preprogrammed by the manufacturer and cannot be changed . RAM (Random Access Memory ) contains the instructions or program for the particular task that the operator wants the computer to perform . These instructions are entered from a keyboard or disk and are lost if the electric power is turned off .

The control unit uses instructions stored in the memory to direct the arithmetic unit . A control unit will continue to give these instructions (or program ) until all the information has been processed . Then the arithmetic logic unit (ALU ) does exactly what the control unit instructs it to do . The actual computations take place ; information is added or subtracted , multiplied or divided , compared or modified , according to the instructions from the control unit . Comparison is one of the main activities of the ALU . When the information has been fully processed , it is sent to an output unit .

If the peripheral units are connected directly to the central processing unit , they are said to be in-line . If they are connected to the CPU by cables or telephone lines , they are referred to as a remote terminal . Remote terminal make it possible for people in different parts of the country to use the same CPU . Since the CPU operates much more quickly than the peripheral units , many remote terminals can use one CPU at the same time in a process called time-sharing .

Programming : Computers are designed to understand certain languages which have been developed for specific purposes . Two common languages are COBOL and FORTRAN . COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language ) is used for business , and FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation ) is used for mathematical or scientific problems . Other popular languages include : BASIC , used in most personal computers ; LOGO , which is designed for children ; and ADA , used mainly for military information processing .

A programmer uses a language to communicate with a computer . The resulting program , called software , tells the computer exactly what to do . It gives the computer data to process .

Microcomputer : A microcomputer is a relatively small computer . Like larger computers microcomputers can perform many operations at once , simulating the human brain’s ability to remember , compare , and analyze .Microcomputers are movable because of their small size , ususlly about that of a portable television set or smaller .

The major difference between microcomputer and their predecessors lies in their use of semiconducting silicon chips , which contain their circuit . Prior to the use of chips , solid-state transistors were used . Since the integrated circuits (ICs) of microchips and microprocessors are contained in such spaces , they can be used to build computers which are at once small in size and offer considerable computing power .

The development of the microprocessor in the 1970s led to silicon chips being programmed to do many tasks , from running digital watches to directing the operations of large-scale telephone switching operations . A microprocessor’s advantages lie in its small size , efficiency , and cost-effectiveness . Microprocessor technology led to the development of the microcomputer , designed for general-purpose use .

Usage : Computers today are used for a wide range of information and entertainment processing in business , industry , and at home . For a long time , computers have performed routine office tasks , such as managing payrokks and checking inventories . There are many other ways in which computers are used . On farms , computers provide information on weather conditions , crop advice , and market prices . Computers are used in medicine to keep records and to diagnose and treat illnesses . Computerized electronic publishing services connect computer users to huge computer Banks which contain stock prices , transportation schedules , commodity prices , and other data .

Computers have helped to make other technologies possible . Teleconferencing , word processing , and video games are examples . So are electronic mail systems and grocery store scanners .

Computers have become an indispensable part of everyday life .