译文：
在某五星级宾馆1000m3/d直饮水工程中所用的中空纤维式超滤膜，其外径约1mm，内孔0.7mm，过滤时原水从纤维内孔流过，在压力作用下，净水透过膜微孔，汇集在一起成超滤液从过滤器侧口流出，中空纤维膜不需要任何支撑结构，用其组成的过滤设备结构简单，设备费用低，按照装置体积和膜面积的比值计算，中空纤维式超滤膜设备的处理水量要比平板膜高20倍。 该工程中采用的处理工艺流程为： 自来水→原水池→砂滤→活性炭→软化→精滤→清水池→客房。其中砂滤可以将水中大部分悬浮、固形物去除掉(出水SS可达2 mg/L；采用5μm精度的缠绕滤芯可以使出水SS达0.1mg/L，污染指数FI值可达3～5)；活性炭与钠离子软化树脂可降低水中余氯、有机物及二价钙、镁等离子的含量，从而提高水的口感。 本系统共用超滤设备两台，每台设备用超滤器36支，这36支超滤器又被分为A、B两组，每组18支。在设备运转中根据产水量变化，调整设定各工艺过程的时间，适时进行等压清洗和与膜正常工作时的逆向反洗。逆向反洗非常有效，但反洗用水的水质必须是超滤水。为此，在设计反洗流程时，或用A组超滤器的产出水洗B组超滤器，或者用B组超滤器的产出水洗A组超滤器；超滤设备中所用超滤器外形尺寸为90mm×1000mm，内装有中空纤维超滤膜2000根左右，膜面积约为4m2，膜材料为聚偏氟乙烯，该材料化学性能稳定，尤其是其耐污染性能好于常用的PS、PAN等膜材料，是新型净化水的过滤介质用材。 中空纤维超滤膜虽然有许多优点，但实际应用中还有很多问题要解决，否则其使用效果，尤其是膜的使用寿命将受很大影响，其中关键问题是膜的清洗恢复问题，此问题涉及清洗时机、清洗方式、清洗剂等几个方面。将自来水进一步净化为直饮水，且要求24h内水量稳定，保证不间断供应，这对关键设备——超滤提出了很高要求。为解决此问题，在超滤设备上采用了自行设计制作的“微电脑气动隔膜阀自动超滤设备”，该设备在清洗时机、清洗方式和清洗用水等方面实现了自动化。 1 自动超滤设备 微电脑与气动隔膜阀结合，采用大规模集成电路微控器89C51为核心的控制芯片，以气动阀体为执行机构，以中空纤维超滤膜组件为控制对象，实现了工作、等压清洗、反冲洗和化学清洗的自动过程。自动超滤不但可以减轻劳动负荷，提高操作可靠性，防止因操作失误造成的膜损伤，更主要的是可以适时地进行不同方式的清洗，避免了膜因长时间工作造成的不可逆污染和堵塞，大大延长了膜的使用寿命，操作者可直接通过键盘设置“制水→等压冲洗→反洗→化学清洗”各程序时间，控制系统由单片机主板、键盘显示板、电源板、强电板和电磁气动阀组成，首先由微电脑通过I/O接口及固态继电器（SSR）实现对电磁气动阀的逻辑控制，再由电磁气动阀实现对执行机构的气动隔膜阀控制。 2 气动隔膜阀 气动隔膜阀是自动超滤装置中起关键作用的执行机构，要求可靠、灵活。气动隔膜阀不同于一般的手动阀，它以气体压力为驱动力，其结构分为上下两部分，上部为压缩空气室，下部与一般液体隔膜阀相同，气室充气后，胶碗形变，气体压力推动连杆与定位托，将隔膜阀胶垫压下，此时完成关闭阀门动作。当压缩空气压力骤减时，在水流压力和胶碗形变恢复力共同作用下隔膜阀胶垫恢复原状，此时阀门打开。隔膜只有全开、全闭两个动作，开关灵活方便，按设置流程程序，接受电脑指令后完成开合动作。阀体全部采用ABS工程塑料注塑，其机械性能、化学性能和耐热性均好，对水质无污染，阀中胶垫、胶碗均选用优质橡胶，内用帘子线增强，因此耐疲劳强度高。 3 水利用率提高 膜过滤的特点之一，就是过滤液在膜表面高速横向流动，水中杂质不易在膜表面停留(随原水流走)，因此超滤膜不易污染。但是，这会造成水的大量流失，一般在自来水的超滤工艺过程中，水的利用率{zg}可达90％，有10％的水要排掉，而这约10%的水经过砂滤、活性炭、软化、精滤等多道工序处理后水质已相当好，为此在设计中增设了回用系统，使水的回收率增加到98.7％，只在设备自动清洗时，排放1.3％洗用水。正常工作时，回流水（或称浓缩水）回到在精滤与超滤之间的旁路侧设置的中间水罐内，让其不断地随精滤水重新补加到超滤设备中去。 4 结语 在以超滤为核心技术的水处理工程中，砂滤、活性炭、软化、精滤等多种水处理工艺与超滤相结合，使产水水质性能指标达到设计要求，xx总数＜50个/mL，总大肠菌群数＜3个/L（感官性状、一般化学指标、毒理指标从略）。整套系统已运行一年，经考核及测试表明，设备运转正常，自控系统满足工艺要求。 设备中自行设计制作的超滤器、国内率先研制出的微电脑控制系统及气动隔膜阀性能稳定，可以在大型工程中进一步推广应用。

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原文：
In a five-star hotel 1000m3 / d directly used for drinking water works in the hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane, the external diameter of about 1mm, inner hole 0.7mm, the filtration of raw water flowing through the hole from the fiber, under pressure, water permeability through membrane pores, brought together into the ultrafiltrate outflow from the filter side of the mouth, hollow fiber membrane does not require any support structure, with its simple structure consisting of filtration equipment, equipment cost is low, according to plant size and the ratio of membrane area calculated hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane water treatment equipment is 20 times higher than the flat membrane. The project used in the treatment process: The original pool water → → → sand filtration Filtration → carbon → → softening → Room in clear water tank. Where the water most of the sand filter can be suspended, to remove solids (SS water up to 2 mg / L; using 5μm precision wound filter effluent SS can be reached 0.1mg / L, pollution index values of up to 3 FI 5); activated carbon and sodium ions in water softening resins can reduce the residual chlorine, organic compounds and divalent calcium and magnesium content of plasma, thereby enhancing the taste of water. The two systems share the ultrafiltration device, each device with the ultra-filter 36, the 36 ultra-filter has been divided into A, B two groups of 18. In equipment operation, changes according to water production, adjusting the setting time of each process, such as pressure washing and timely work with the film when the reverse backwashing. Reverse anti-cleaning is very effective, but the quality of water backwash water must be ultrafiltration. To this end, anti-washing process in the design, or ultra-filter with the output of A group B group of super-washed filter, or ultra-filter with the output of B group A group of super-water washing filters; ultrafiltration device used in the external dimensions of ultrafilter 90mm × 1000mm, built with hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane around 2000, the membrane area of about 4m2, membrane material is polyvinylidene fluoride, the chemical properties of the material stability, particularly its resistance to pollution performance is better than commonly used PS, PAN and other films material, which is a new water purification filter media timber. Although hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane has many advantages, but there are many practical application problems to solve, or effect of its use, especially membrane life will be greatly affected, where the key issue is the restoration of membrane cleaning issues, this problem involved in cleaning time, cleaning methods, cleaning agent aspects. To further purify the water as drinking water, and water stability required within 24h to ensure uninterrupted supply of this critical equipment - UF has placed enormous demands. To resolve this problem, using ultrafiltration devices designed and manufactured their own "micro pneumatic diaphragm valve automatically ultrafiltration equipment", the device in the cleaning time, cleaning method and cleaning water so automated. An automatic ultrafiltration device Combination of microcomputer and pneumatic diaphragm valve, using large scale integrated circuit microcontroller 89C51 core control chip to pneumatic valve for the implementing agencies, to hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane modules for the control of the object, to achieve the work, such as pressure washing, backwashing and chemical cleaning of the automatic process. Automatic ultrafiltration will reduce the labor load and improve operating reliability, and prevent operational errors caused by membrane damage, more important is timely for different ways of cleaning, to avoid the film because of long working hours caused irreversible pollution and congestion, greatly extend the life of the membrane, the operator directly via the keyboard settings "such as pressure of water → wash → rinse → anti-chemical cleaning" the process of time, the control system by the MCU board, the keyboard display, power panels, electrical panels and strong pneumatic solenoid valves, first by the microcomputer through the I / O interfaces and solid state relays (SSR) realize the logic of the electromagnetic pneumatic valve control, pneumatic solenoid valve by the realization of the pneumatic diaphragm control of the implementing agencies. 2 Pneumatic Diaphragm Valve Pneumatic diaphragm valve is automatic ultrafiltration devices play a key role in the implementation of the agency, demand reliable and flexible. Unlike manual pneumatic diaphragm valve, which is driven by gas pressure, the structure is divided into two parts by the upper chamber for the compressed air, the lower part of the same general liquid diaphragm, inflatable air chamber, the plastic bowl change gas pressure to promote the link and locate child care, the diaphragm cushion pressure, the valve is closed at this time to complete action. When the compressed air when the pressure drop in water pressure and the resilience of plastic bowl under the action of variable diaphragm pad restitution, then the valve open. Membrane is only fully open, fully closed two movements, switching flexibility, set the process in accordance with procedures to receive computer instructions to complete the opening and closing movements. ABS engineering plastic injection valve used in all of its mechanical properties, chemical properties and heat resistance are good, the water quality pollution-free, valve washers, plastic bowls are made of high-quality rubber, which increased with the cord, so the high fatigue resistance . 3 to improve water use efficiency One of the characteristics of membrane filtration is the filtration membrane surface liquid in high-speed horizontal flow, water impurities difficult to stay in the membrane surface (with the original water to go), so membrane easily contaminated. However, this will cause great loss of water, usually in water by ultrafiltration process, water use efficiency up to 90%, 10% of the water to drain, which is about 10% of the water through the sand filter, activated carbon, softening, and other multi-channel precision filter water treatment process has been very good, for in the design of a recycling system added to the water recovery rate increased to 98.7%, only in the automatic cleaning device, the emission of 1.3% in wash water . Work, the back flow (or concentration of water) back in fine filtration and ultrafiltration bypass between the tank side of the middle set, the allowed to keep up with the fine treatment re-added to the ultrafiltration device . 4 Conclusion In order to ultrafiltration for the core technology of water treatment works, sand filtration, activated carbon, softening, and other fine filter ultrafiltration water treatment process and combined to produce water quality performance to meet the design requirements, total bacteria <50 / mL, total coliform <3 / L (sensory traits, general chemistry, toxicological indicators omitted). The entire system has been running for one year, after examination and testing indicate that the equipment in normal operation, automatic control system to meet the process requirements. Equipment design the ultra-filter, the first in China developed the microcomputer control system and pneumatic diaphragm stable performance, large-scale projects can further expand the applications.