艾滋病毒的诞生过程
一组数据可能让你吃惊,联合国有关机构统计,2007全球艾滋病病毒携带者人数多达3300万,已有2500多万艾滋病人丧生。现今在世界各地,每天有8000多名艾滋病患者死亡,每小时有600多人感染上艾滋病病毒。
艾滋病病毒简称HIV,是一种能攻击人体免疫系统的病毒。这种疯狂复制的病毒自1981年被首次发现以来,一直扮演着威胁人类健康与安全的杀手角色。25年来,尽管医学界科学家采取了不懈努力,国际医学界至今尚无防治艾滋病的有效xx和疗法。
能杀死艾滋病毒的“糖导弹”
人类{dy}次看到了艾滋病病毒的诞生过程。美国洛克菲勒大学两位科学家,利用一种特殊的、只照亮细胞表面的显微镜,亲眼见证了形成艾滋病病毒的过程,整个过程仅为5—6分钟。
———疯狂复制———艾滋病病毒变异迅速
早些研究发现,艾滋病之所以猖狂于全球,就在于艾滋病病毒HIV侵入人体后直接侵犯人体免疫系统,攻击和杀伤的是人体免疫系统中最重要、{zj1}有进攻性的T4淋巴细胞,使机体一开始就处于丧失防御能力的地位。
艾滋病病毒一旦进入人体,就寄生于T4淋巴细胞内最核心的部位,并与细胞核的遗传物质DNA整合为一体,人体没有能力使其分开,更没有力量杀灭它,艾滋病就成为一种“病入基因”的顽疾。艾滋病病毒随免疫细胞DNA复制而复制。病毒的繁殖和复制使免疫细胞遭到破坏和毁灭,并放出更多的病毒。新增殖病毒再感染更多的细胞。
就这样,病毒一代代地复制、繁殖,免疫细胞不断死亡。艾滋病病毒是一种不同于一般病毒的逆转录病毒,具有极强的迅速变异能力,而人体产生相应的抗体总落后于病毒的变异,因而无法阻止艾滋病病毒的繁殖和扩散,更何况人体免疫系统产生的抗艾滋病病毒抗体是毫无作战能力的非保护性抗体。
疫苗研制需要新的观察方法
艾滋病病毒的迅速变异能力给目前{tx}药和疫苗研制工作造成了极大困难。因此,研究人员要想进一步在艾滋病病毒方面取得突破,就需要在更微观的层次上有所发现,期待新的观察方法的诞生。美国洛克菲勒大学的病毒学博士后儒佛内和细胞生物物理学实验室主任桑迪·西蒙率先前进一步,利用新显微镜真实见证了艾滋病病毒诞生过程,知道了病毒的准确诞生时间。
———诞生过程———照亮细胞部分表面是关键
为了观察到艾滋病病毒诞生的过程,科学家曾做了无数实验均没有成功。儒佛内和桑迪·西蒙解决了这个重要的难题,他们认为,使用“全内反射显微镜”的新显微镜是的新观察方法,而照亮HIV病毒的细胞表面是关键。他们的发现已被刊登在《自然》杂志的网络版上。
西蒙解释了他们的实验。“用于这项技术的显微镜不同于传统的显微镜。传统显微镜一般会照亮整个细胞,而这种被称作‘全内反射显微镜’的新显微镜,仅仅照亮聚集HIV病毒的细胞表面,从而把注意力放在细胞表面及其细微的细节上。”
当一束光透过镜片射向细胞表面时,来自光的能量会笔直地向前传播,照亮整个细胞。但是当这束光被折成一个很小的锐角时,光的能量就会仅从细胞表面反射回来,而仅仅照亮薄薄的细胞外壁。他们不断调整折射角度,得到了不可思议的结果。
病毒整个形成过程需要5—6分钟
儒佛内和桑迪·西蒙最终成为了{dy}对记录HIV病毒形成时间的人。他们的结论是:HIV病毒从开始到最终形成,一共只需要5—6分钟。“过去,我们对病毒形成的时间一无所知,这是{dy}次人们可以清晰地看到一个病毒实体的诞生。不仅仅是HIV,还包括所有病毒!”
儒佛内说:“使用这项技术几乎没有任何局限性。”
病毒在细胞表面形成
为证明病毒是在细胞表面聚集形成,而不是在细胞内形成,研究小组用人体免疫缺陷病毒蛋白“谷氨酸”蛋白做了实验。研究人员在蛋白分子上涂上荧光,放置在细胞内紧贴细胞内壁的位置。由于分子聚集在一起时,荧光的色彩会发生变化。当足够多的这种蛋白分子聚集在一起时,它们会连接在一起聚集成一个球形。因此通过看分子是在细胞内还是细胞表面聚集,就能判断病毒形成的具体位置。
他们发现,病毒蛋白分子从细胞壁中分离了出来,游走到了细胞表面,进而聚集在一起,形成了一个大包,最终这个大包从细胞表面分离出去形成独立的具有传染性的病毒体。从这个角度来说,病毒体是一个独立的实体,不再与形成它的母体细胞有任何的液体交互。
通过这些光学和生理学手段,研究小组最终观察到了病毒聚集、形成包状物、最终脱离母体的每一步,从而了解到了病毒的整个生命进程。
———重要意义———对艾滋病的xx产生重大影响
参与该计划的科学家表示,这是人类{dy}次看到艾滋病病毒的产生过程。这也许不仅仅是数百万艾滋病患者的福音,更可能改写科学家们思考问题的方式,他们的试验又向前迈进了一步。因为使用这项技术几乎没有任何局限性。
儒佛内说:“现在我们真的能看到一个病毒的诞生过程了!这将使我们能够解释很多过去根本解释不了的问题,不论在病毒学领域,还是整个生物学领域。”
洛克菲勒大学反转录病毒实验室主任保罗说:“我认为,一旦你真的看到了这一切,而不仅仅是通过其他技术推理手段想象它们发生的过程时,你的整个思维方式将进入一个新的层次。”
他们认为,这将对艾滋病的xx和xx产生巨大的影响。
■新闻缘起
美国洛克菲勒大学一位病毒学家和一位生物物理学家,利用一种特殊的、只照亮细胞表面的显微镜,亲眼见证了几十个分子在一个活的细胞表面聚集,最终形成一种可怕的病毒———艾滋病病毒,这个过程仅为5—6分钟。
这是人类{dy}次看到艾滋病病毒的产生过程,相关专家认为不论在病毒学领域,还是整个生物学领域,将能够使科学界解释很多过去根本解释不了的问题,而且有专家预言这一发现将对艾滋病的xx和xx产生巨大影响。
■连线专家
艾滋病的xx需要更深入的研究
记者:在艾滋病病毒领域,您是怎样评价该发现的?
杨荣阁(中科院武汉病毒研究所艾滋病初筛实验室研究员):关于HIV病毒粒子形成及其出芽方面的研究,在此之前由于技术等方面的限制,大都采用HIV感染细胞后各时间阶段的细胞冷冻电镜等方法对HIV粒子形成及出芽进行观察。通过这种新技术的应用,研究人员可以直接观察到HIV粒子形成及出芽的动态过程,这不单单是揭示了HIV粒子的形成时间,对更好的理解和揭示HIV粒子形成及出芽机制将起到十分重要的作用,也将会在HIV复制抑制研究方面起到重要的推动作用。
同时,这种技术xx可以应用到其他相关病毒的研究,对推动其他相关病毒的研究也将起到十分重要的作用。随着各种相关技术的提高和应用,作为HIV研究人员,还是期待该研究能够更加深入进行,把更加清晰和直观影像呈现出来,对最终控制HIV做出更好的贡献。
记者:这一发现对xx艾滋病的影响具体体现在哪些方面?
童骁(中科院武汉病毒研究所艾滋病初筛实验室助理研究员):对于艾滋病的xx,已有的靶标和正在探讨的靶标不在少数,xx的xx和方案也在不断地出现。该项研究在艾滋病病毒的装配领域具有一定的指导意义,可能会引导出针对病毒装配过程的xx方案,但是对于整体艾滋病xx的影响尚不具备决定性意义。
记者:有专家对这一发现评价很高,如果沿着这个发现研究下去,您从理论上能预言以后艾滋病有xx的可能吗?
童骁:由于该工作只展现了装配的膜上部分,得到的装配周期结果也没有超出科学界原有的预期,因此理论上的意义有待进一步的观察。特别是在解析装配过程各种蛋白的装配次序上希望有所突破。对于艾滋病的xx,该研究的指导意义目前尚难以体现。
艾滋病的xx甚至xx有赖于我们对于艾滋病更加深入的研究,目前的研究结果尚难以判断艾滋病被xx的可能。
简介:World AIDS drug patent Kang Sheng Dan particles inventor协和专家门诊部艾滋病防治研究中心主任、专家,中医药疑难病专治网站长以及社会重要兼职,中国{wy}发明艾滋病新药康生丹的主要发明人!
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The birth of HIV
A set of data may surprise you, relevant United Nations agencies to statistics, the world's HIV carriers in 2007 of up to 33 million, more than 2,500 million people died of AIDS. Today around the world, every day more than 8,000 AIDS deaths every hour more than 600 people infected with HIV.
AIDS virus called HIV, is a body's immune system to attack the virus. Such rampant virus was first discovered in 1981, has been playing a threat to human health and safety, the role of the killer. 25 years, although medical scientists have taken a tireless efforts, the international medical community has no effective prevention and treatment of AIDS drugs and therapies.
Be able to kill the HIV virus, "sugar missile"
For the first time humans saw the birth of the AIDS virus. USA 2 Rockefeller University scientists, using a special, only to illuminate the cell surface of the microscope, to witness the process of forming the AIDS virus, the whole process is only 5-6 minutes.
--- --- Rampant AIDS virus mutates rapidly
Earlier study found that the reason why AIDS rampant in the world, is that HIV AIDS virus invades the human body a direct violation of the human immune system to attack and kill the body's immune system, the most important, the most offensive of the T4 lymphocytes, so that the body a the beginning of losing the status of defensive capabilities.
Once HIV enters the body, they feed on the core of T4 lymphocytes in the most part, and with the nucleus of the genetic material DNA that integrates the human body can not afford to separate, but no power to kill it, AIDS has become a kind of "disease into the gene "the plague. With the immune cells in HIV replication DNA replication. Breeding and reproduction of the virus so that immune cells damage and destruction, and release more virus. The new proliferation of the virus and then infect more cells.
In this way, the virus from generation to generation copy, reproduction, immune cells continue to die. AIDS virus is a virus different from the ordinary retrovirus, with strong ability to mutate rapidly, while the human body to produce antibodies to lag behind the total variation of the virus and thus can not prevent the propagation and spread of HIV, let alone the human immune system produced anti-HIV antibodies is no combat capability of the non-protective antibodies.
Vaccine development requires a new method of observation
The ability of HIV to mutate rapidly to the specific drug and vaccine development work is currently causing great difficulty. Therefore, the researchers want to further breakthrough in the AIDS virus, we need a more micro level, have found that looking forward to the birth of a new observation method. Rockefeller University, Confucianism and Buddhism in virology and cell biology post-doctoral physics lab director Sangdiximeng the first step, the real advantage of the new microscope to witness the birth of the AIDS virus, to know the exact birth time of the virus.
--- --- The birth of the surface is the key part of the illuminated cell
In order to observe the process of the birth of the AIDS virus, scientists have made numerous experiments have not been successful. Confucianism and Buddhism both within and Sangdiximeng solve this important problem, they believed that the use of "total internal reflection microscope," The new microscope is a new observation methods, while the HIV virus cell surface illuminated is the key. Their findings have been published in "Nature" magazine's online edition.
Simon explained their experiments. "The technology used in microscope differs from a traditional microscope. The traditional light microscope, usually the whole cell, which is called 'total internal reflection microscopy' new microscope, only the light gathering HIV virus cell surface, thereby to focus on the cell surface and the fine details. "
When a beam of light through the lens when shooting at the cell surface, the energy from the light will be straight forward communication, illuminating the entire cell. But when the beam is folded into a small acute angle, the light energy will be reflected back only from the cell surface, but only illuminate a thin outer wall of cells. They are constantly adjusting refraction angle, has been incredible results.
The formation of the virus throughout the process takes 5-6 minutes to
Confucianism and Buddhism both within and Sangdiximeng eventually become the first record of the HIV-formation time people. Their conclusion is that: HIV virus from the beginning to the final shape, a total of only 5-6 minutes. "In the past, we have the formation of the time knew nothing about the virus, which is the first time people can clearly see the birth of a virus entity. Not only HIV, but also all viruses!"
Within Confucianism and Buddhism, said: "Using this technology almost no limitations."
Formation of the virus in the cell surface
To prove the virus is assembled at the cell surface to form, rather than in the formation of cells, the research team with the human immunodeficiency virus protein "glutamate" protein made in the experiment. Researchers coated with fluorescent protein molecules placed in cells close to cell wall location. As the molecules together, the fluorescence color change. When a sufficient number of such protein molecules together, they will be gathered together into a ball. Therefore, by looking at the molecules in the cell or cell-surface aggregation, will be able to determine the specific location of the formation of the virus.
They found that the virus protein molecule isolated from the cell wall out walk to the cell surface, and then gathered together to form a large package, eventually this big package separate from the cell surface to form an independent body with a contagious virus. From this perspective, the virus body is an independent entity, is no longer associated with the development of its mother cell of any liquid interaction.
Through these means of optics and physiology, the research team observed that the virus eventually gathered to form a packet tilting the final out of the mother's every step to understand the whole life process of the virus.
--- --- Importance of the treatment of AIDS have a significant impact
Scientists participating in the project said it was the first time humans saw the process of creation of HIV. This may be not only the gospel of millions of people living with AIDS, are more likely to rewrite the way scientists are thinking that their test was again a step forward. Since the use of this technology almost no limitations.
Within Confucianism and Buddhism, said: "Now we can really see the birth of a virus! This will enable us to explain many of the past simply can not explain the problem, whether in the virology field, or the entire field of biology."
Rockefeller University, Laboratory Director Paul retrovirus, said: "I think once you really see all of this, rather than through other means of technical reasoning, the process of imagination when they occur, your whole way of thinking will enter a new level. "
In their view, this will cure AIDS treatment and have an enormous impact.
■ News Origin
Rockefeller University, a virologist and a biophysicist, the use of a special, only to illuminate the cell surface of the microscope, witnessed dozens of molecules in a living cell surface aggregation and ultimately to shape a afraid of HIV --- AIDS virus, this process is only 5-6 minutes.
This is the first time I saw the production process of HIV and related experts believe that both the virology field, or the entire field of biology, will be able to explain many of the scientific community simply can not explain the past problems, and some experts predict that this discovery will be The treatment and cure for AIDS a significant impact.
■ Connection Expert
AIDS treatment requires more in-depth study
Reporter: In the HIV field, how you evaluate the discovery?
Yang Rong Ge (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, AIDS screening laboratory researcher): With regard to HIV virus particle formation and budding of research before this due to technical and other constraints, most use of HIV-infected cells at different time stages after electron microscopy of cells frozen and other methods of HIV particle formation and budding were observed. Through this application of new technology, researchers can directly observe the formation and budding HIV particles a dynamic process, which is not only reveal the HIV particle formation time, for better understanding and reveal the mechanism of HIV particle formation and budding will play a to a very important role, but also will inhibit HIV replication studies play an important role in promoting.
At the same time, this technology can be applied to other related viruses research on promoting the study of other related viruses also play an important role. With the improvement of a variety of related technologies and applications, as HIV researchers, or look forward to more in-depth studies can be carried out to a more clear and intuitive images revealed, for ultimate control of HIV to make a better contribution.
Reporter: The discovery of the impact of AIDS treatment embodied in what areas?
TONG Xiao (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, AIDS screening laboratory assistant researcher): For the treatment of AIDS, existing targets and targets are being explored in a minority, treatment, drugs and programs are constantly emerging. The research in the field of HIV assembly has certain guiding significance, may lead out of the virus assembly process for the treatment programs, but the overall impact of AIDS treatment have not yet decisive.
Reporter: Some experts on the evaluation of this discovery is very high, along the the discovery research continue, you are theoretically able to predict the future of AIDS has a cure possible?
TONG Xiao: As the work is only to show the assembly of the membrane part of the assembly cycle of results obtained does not exceed the original expectations of the scientific community, so in theory the meaning of to be to be seen. Especially in the analytic assembly process of assembling a variety of protein sequence with hopes of a breakthrough. For AIDS treatment, the study guide is currently difficult to embody.
AIDS treatment and even cure for AIDS based on our more in-depth research, the current study results are still difficult to determine the possibility of AIDS has been cured.
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