原文：
何谓多功能水泵控制阀?水泵有什么运行特性需要阀门来控 制?水泵控制阀能否实现这些控制?以及它与传统的闸阀、蝶阀、止回阀以及匀速、双速缓闭 的水力控制止回阀在原理、功能等方面有什么质的不同，笔者在本文中以活塞式多功能水泵控 制阀(下称控制阀)为例，通过对其结构、主要功能、工作原理的剖析，提出对上述问题的看 法，供读者参阅。 　　一、结构 　　控制阀的结构见图1(图示为开启状态)。 　　控制阀结构的主要特点是取消了阀座中间的定位机构和阀 瓣上侧的弹簧，而且在阀瓣的下 侧设计了导流板，{zd0}限度减少了介质过流时的机械损失和阀 瓣下侧穹腔内的旋涡损失。以 缸体内的活塞作驱动元件，在介质自身压力作用下带动阀瓣作 上下运动，实现阀的开启或关 闭。活塞、启闭件、连同缸体配置在阀体上，流线形、宽阀腔 的阀体，不但水头损失可以比同类产品减少30％以上，而且具有良好的抗气蚀性能。 　　以电磁阀换向机构(下称电磁阀)和压力管路组成伺服系统， 取控制阀两端的压力水为驱动源，通过电信号指令，任意一端的压力水都能实现水泵控制阀 在设定的时刻和速度执行泵的开启或关闭。 　　二、泵的运行特性与控制阀的功能特点、工作原理 　　1.泵的启动特性及其控制 　　a)离心泵的零流量启动特性及其控制(即关阀启动) 　　离心泵在零流量工况时轴功率最小，为额定轴功率的30％－ 90％，所以离心泵的启动特性是零流量启动（即关阀启动)。待泵至额定转速之后控制阀按 设定的速度缓慢开启。 　　工作原理：泵启动时(前)压力水经过设有延时的电磁阀流向 缸体内活塞上腔，而活塞下腔通过缸体下端经电磁阀通向大气，此时控制阀处于关闭状态。 　　电动机补偿启动结束，泵正常运转,电磁阀即执行换向指令 ,切断活塞上腔压力水源、关闭缸体下端通向大气的回路，同时将压力水经电磁阀注入缸内活 塞下腔、打开活塞上腔通向大气的回路，活塞上腔的水经电磁阀排出阀外，控制阀按设定的 速度缓慢开启，完成并满足了离心泵在零流量时轴功率最小的启动特性，保证泵机组的安全 运转。 　　b)轴流泵的大流量启动特性及其控制(即全开阀启动) 　　轴流泵在零流量工况时轴功率{zd0}，为额定轴功率的140％ ～200％，所以轴流泵的启动特性应是大流量启动(即全开阀启动)。 　　工作原理：控制阀满足轴流泵全开阀启动的工作原理是离 心泵关阀启动的逆运行，即电磁阀先工作，将阀全开后，泵再启动。参阅a)条，不赘述。 　　轴流泵启动前，这时阀的进口压力为零，控制阀利用阀出 水端的介质压力将阀开启，而离心泵启动时是利用阀进水端的介质压力将阀开启。无论阀的哪 一端介质都能实现控制阀的开或启，这是水泵控制阀功能的重要特征之一。 　　c)控制混流泵的启动特征 　　混流泵在零流量工况时轴功率介于上述两种泵之间，为额 定功率的100％～130％，所以混流泵的启动特性也应是上述两种泵之间，一般可选择泵启动与 控制阀的缓慢开启同步进行。 　　工作原理：工作原理与控制离心泵零流量启动特性相同， 只要取消电磁阀的延时设置即可。 2.停泵及其控制 　　a)控制离心泵的零流量停泵（即先关阀后停泵) 　　对于离心泵，先缓慢关闭控制阀，然后再停泵的重要性在 于：这时管内介质流速由额定流 速逐渐降至为零，速度变化梯度极小，可有效的避免停泵水锤 的发生和泵的逆转；泵的轴功 率由额定功率逐渐降至最小的运行功率，有利于机组安全。 　　工作原理：需要停泵时，只要先切断电磁阀的控制电源， 电磁阀即执行换向指令，关闭活 塞下腔的压力水源和活塞上腔通大气的回路，同时开启活塞上 腔的压力水源和活塞下腔通大 气的回路，即以进口压力水作驱动源，缓慢关闭控制阀，等控 制阀全关闭后，通过限位开关 指令泵即停止运转，全过程为自动控制。 　　控制阀缓闭时间可以通过节流阀的调节在5～60s范围内或根 据用户需要进行选择。 　　b)控制轴流泵、混流泵的停泵 　　轴流泵、混流泵的停泵功能和工作原理与上述内容相仿， 不赘。 　　3.改变装置特性(即流量无级调节功能) 　　改变装置特性属于对泵运行工况调节的范畴，最常用的是 节流法，也称阀门调节法，利用 开大或关小阀门的开度；改变泵装置中的阻力系数ξ，从而使 管路的供水特性H=F(Q)发生变 化，以达到调节流量的目的。 　　控制阀从全闭至全开之间，阀的开度可以无级调节，由开 度显示器显示开度，并予以记忆 和稳定。 　　工作原理： 　　a)流量由小调大 　　活塞下腔的压力水注入管路和活塞上腔与大气相通的回路 开启，同时活塞上腔的压力水注 入管路和活塞下腔与大气相通的回路关闭，这时阀瓣缓慢开启 ，达到设定流量时，控制电路 即按指令将活塞上、下腔与大气相通的回路关闭，同时将活塞 上、下腔压力水 注入管路开启，这时活塞上、下两侧总压力相等，活塞处于静 止，整个缸体内成为密闭状态 ，稳定了阀的开度，并由开度显示器显示开度。 　　b)流量由大调小 　　是a)条的逆运作，不赘。 　　上述控制电路的指令可由限位开关执行，也可设小型的电 控箱执行，两者都能实现自动控 制。 　　4.意外突然停泵水锤力的控制 　　意外突然停泵一般指供电网络故障或强雷电保护性跳闸等 停泵现象，此类停泵的概率不到 停泵总次数的1％，但因此而产生的水锤对管网及供水机组具 有破坏性，应予以重视。 　　a)停泵水锤的物理现象 　　本文不是讨论管道中的水锤，只是为了便于对控制阀减小 水击力的功能和工作原理的叙述 ，引用茹可夫斯基水锤公式对停泵水锤的物理现象作简单的述 说。 　　 式中H——产生水锤时的水击力（m水柱）； 　　C——水锤波传播速度，若暂时不考虑介质、管 壁材料的弹性系数和管壁厚度，近似取 C=1000m／s； 　　g——重力加速度，9．81m/s; 　　Vo——水锤发生前介质流速(m／s)； 　　Vt——水锤发生时介质流速(m／s)。 　　从式4－1可以看出发生水锤的必要条件是流体的速度变化， 水击力的大小取决于变化梯度的大小。停泵时流速由V0降为零，首层液面由于流体的惯性， 水层被压缩，压力上升(即水锤压力)，接着因惯性力的作用依次一层、一层……滞止、压力 升高、被压缩，出现微观的高压区和低压区，它们的分界面称为水锤波(此时为增压波)，增压 波直至输水管的管端末层消失。接着又逆向一层、一层……传播至水锤开始时的首层液面( 此时为复压波)，这个往返过程所需时间t可用下式表示： 　　 式中L——输水管长度（m）。 　　若阀门关闭时间为T关，则T关L/500s条件下的水锤为间接水锤 ，ΔH小于直接水锤。这是因为间接水锤时，阀门前正在发展的增压过程，会受到复压波的 干扰而被削弱。ΔH的大小与干扰程度和干扰次数有关。 　　从以上简述中可知，控制阀不能避免意外突然停泵时水锤 的发生，但可以根据输水管道长度，通过对阀门关闭时间的调节，将直接水锤转化为间接水锤 使ΔH降为最小，保证输水管道和泵机组的安全。 　　b）阀门关闭时间的调节 　　目前水泵控制阀常用的关闭时间调节方法有两种，要指出 的是本文所指的调节方法是水泵控制阀的功能之一，虽具有这种功能的各种类型的止回阀或其 它阀门不一定是水泵控制阀，别以此而误导，详见本文第三章“结论”部分。 　　c)两阶段关阀（即先快速关阀后慢速关阀） 　　这种关阀形式可以防止停泵水锤的发生，至于快速关阀的 时间，也应与管道的长度相匹配，兼顾水泵反转速度和倒流水量大小，满足xx停泵水锤的要 求。 　　d)匀速关阀 　　这种关阀的特点是能根据各种不同长度的输水管道和选择 复压波的往返次数，调节不同的关阀时间，恒满足T关>L/500s的条件。大幅度削弱突然停泵水锤 的水击力，适应性较两阶段关阀为广，足以满足GB/T50265－97《泵站设计规范》中关于反转 速不应超过额定转速的 1.2倍，持续时间不应超过2min的要求。 　　水泵控制阀的上述两种方法都由电磁阀自动控制。 　　5.选择压力源的机动性大 　　电磁阀的伺服机构设计为双向同时取压，经单向阀分配， 由一条压力较高输液管中的水为压力源注入电磁阀。无论是进水端的压力水还是出水端的压力 水，都能单独执行控制阀的开启或关闭。 　　正因为有该功能的存在，使水泵控制阀能满足各种水泵的 启动、停泵等运行特性要求 的可能。其重要还在于：当输送介质为浑浊水，不能作驱动源需要 外供压力源时，只要一条伺服管路即可实现控制阀的所有功能。 　　6.节能 　　将过流介质的能耗控制在最小，是水泵控制阀的一项重要 课题。我们抽样了某些通径的控制阀作了实验，得出下列实验公式供读者参考： 　　阻力系数ξ以下列公式确定： 当DN≤250时 ξ=14．68×V1.1339(7－1)　　 当DN>250时 ξ=10．97×V1.1339(7－2) 式中ξ——阻力系数； 　　V——介质流速(m／s)。 局部水头损失hf以下列公式确定： hf=ξ×V2/2g (7－3) 或：hf=0.749×V0.8661 (7－4) hf=0.56×V0.8661 (7－5) 式中hf——局部水头损失（m水柱）； 　　V——介质流速(m／s)； 　　g——重力加速度g=9．81(m／s2)。 　　经检测，该种水泵控制阀的水头损失比同类型的水力控制 阀能耗减少30％以上。 　　三、结论 　　具有控制水泵运行特性功能的阀门才称为水泵控制阀，这 是显而易见的。 　　本文第二章第1节《泵的启动特性及其控制》中的a)、b)、c) 条；第2节《停泵及其控制》中的a)，b)条；第3节《改变装置特性》中的a)，b)条；第4节《 意外突然停泵水锤力的控制》中的b)条;这里所叙述的八种功能属于泵运转特性所要求的技 术条件，也是泵本身运转特性要求阀门来控制的内容，也是水泵控制阀的必要功能。这些必 要功能是水泵控制阀区别于各种类型止回阀或其它阀门质的界定。 　　为什么不具备上述必要功能不能称为水泵控制阀呢?这可以 通过下面举例予以说明： 　　若不具备第2节a)条中先关阀后停泵的功能，对离心泵来说 ，所有停泵都变为意外突然停泵，占停泵总数99％以上的正常停泵，并可以避免水锤和泵逆转 发生的安全性化为乌有，多么危险。 　　若不具备第2节和第3节的功能，则只有泵的启动才能实现阀 的开启、泵的关闭才能实现阀的关闭，很明显这是泵在控制阀门工作，失去了控制阀的“控 制”实质，更难理解为水泵控制阀了。 　　若不具备第3节无级调节流量的功能，一旦泵的运行工况中 因阻力偏小，流量过大时，不但使泵偏离{zg}效率区耗能，而且因轴功率剧增超载而损坏机组 。所以水泵控制阀应具有上述八种必要功能是必然的。

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What is multi-functional water pump control valve? What pump to control valve operation characteristics required? Pump control valve can achieve such control? And its traditional gate valve, butterfly valve, check valve and the uniform, two-speed hydraulic slow closing Control Valves in principle, function, and so qualitatively different from what the author in this paper to multi-piston pump control valve (hereinafter referred to as control valves), for example, through its structure, function, working principle of the analysis, views on these issues raised for the reader is referred. I. Structure Control valve structure shown in Figure 1 (shown as the open state). The main features of control valve structure is removed the middle seat positioning mechanism and disc on the side of the spring, and the next valve in the valve Side of the deflector is designed to minimize the media stream over the mechanical loss and disc cavity under the dome side of the vortex loss. With The body is used to drive the piston cylinder device, the medium itself under pressure for driving the valve flap up and down movement, to achieve the opening or closing valves Closed. Piston, opening and closing pieces, together with the cylinder configuration on the body and Streamlined, wide valve body cavity, not only the head loss can be reduced by 30% compared with more than similar products, but also has good anti-cavitation performance. To solenoid valves for the body (the valve) and pressure servo system composed of piping, check valves at both ends of the pressure-driven water source, through the electrical signal instructions, either end of the pressure water pump control valve can achieve the set time and speed of implementation of the pump on or off. Second, pump and control valve operating characteristics, features of works 1. Pump and control the startup characteristics a) centrifugal pump characteristics and the zero flow control start (ie start off valve) Centrifugal pump at zero flow condition, the minimum shaft power, shaft power for the rated 30% - 90%, so the startup characteristics of centrifugal pump is zero flow starts (that is, start off valve). When the pump to control valve by following the rated speed set slow to open. How it works: When the pump is started (before) the pressure of water through the delay of the solenoid valve with flow cylinder piston body cavity, and the piston cylinder lower chamber through the valve leading to the atmosphere through the bottom, then control valve is turned off. Motor compensation start over, the normal operation of the pump, solenoid valve that is the implementation of change to the instructions, cut off water pressure to the piston chamber, close the cylinder at the bottom of the loop leading to the atmosphere, while the pressure of water injected into the cylinder by the valve under the piston chamber, open the piston cavity leading to the atmosphere on the circuit, the piston chamber of the water by the discharge valve solenoid valve, the control valve to open by the slow pace set to complete and meets the zero-flow centrifugal pump shaft power in the smallest start-up characteristics, to ensure pump unit security operation. b) axial pump features high flow start and control (ie fully open valve starts) Axial flow pump at zero flow condition, the maximum shaft power, shaft power is rated 140% and 200%, so the startup characteristics of axial flow should be a big start (that is fully open valve starts). How it works: to meet the axial flow control valves fully open valve to start working principle is the inverse of pump starts to run off valves, or solenoid valves before working, the valve fully open, the pump starts again. See a), does not go into details. Axial flow pump before the start, when the import pressure valve to zero, the control valve using medium pressure valve water side to open the valve, and pump start is to use medium pressure valve inlet side to open the valve. No matter which side the valve can achieve medium to open or activate control valves, pump control valve is an important feature of functions. c) control of the startup characteristics of mixed-flow pump Mixed flow pump at zero flow condition between shaft power between the two pumps, for the rated power of {bfb} ~ 130%, so the startup characteristics of mixed flow pump should also be between the two pumps, pump start normally option and control valve slowly to open simultaneously. How it works: works with zero-flow control pump start feature the same delay as long as the cancellation of the electromagnetic valve can be set. 2. Stop the pump and its control a) control of the zero-flow centrifugal pump stops (ie, after the first stop valve off the pump) For the pump, first close the valve slowly and then stop the pump is important because: At this time medium pipe flow velocity from the nominal Speed is gradually reduced to zero, the rate of change in gradient is extremely small, can effectively prevent the occurrence of stopping the pump and pump water hammer reversal; pump shaft power Rated power is gradually reduced to the minimum rate of operation of power is conducive to the security unit. Working principle: the need to stop the pump, just before the control power supply cut off solenoid valve, solenoid valve that is the implementation of change to the command, shut down live Plug the pressure chamber under the water and the piston chamber through the atmosphere of the loop, and open the piston and piston chamber pressure water through a large inferior vena Gas circuit, that is, inlet pressure as the driving source of water, slowly close the control valves, control valves, etc. all closed down limit switch Directive to stop operating the pump, the whole process is automatic. Control valve closure time can be slow throttle adjustment in 5 ~ 60s range or according to user needs to choose. b) control the pump, mixed flow pumps for pumping Axial, mixed flow pump and the pump stopped working principle is similar with the above, not redundant. 3. To change the device characteristics (that is, traffic-free level adjustment function) Change the device characteristics of the pump operating conditions are the scope of regulation, the most commonly used method is to cut expenditure, also known as the valve adjustment method, using Large or small opening off the valve opening; change the pump's resistance coefficient ξ, so that the water pipeline characteristic H = F (Q) changes occur For achieving the purpose of regulating traffic. Control valve from fully closed to fully open between the valve opening can be adjusted steplessly, from the opening display opening, and to remember And stability. How it works: a) traffic from the minor major Under the pressure of the piston chamber and the piston water chamber into the pipe connecting the circuit open and the atmosphere, while water column pressure piston chamber Into the pipe and the piston chamber and the atmosphere under the closed loop connected, then slowly open the flap valve, to set the flow control circuit According to instructions that will be the Pistons, the inferior vena closed loop connected with the atmosphere, while the piston, the lower chamber pressure of water Into the pipeline opened, when the piston, the lower total pressure equal on both sides of the piston at rest, a closed state of the cylinder body Stabilize the valve opening by the opening display opening. b) flow from the small flat Is a), the inverse operation, not redundant. The control circuit implementation of instructions by the limit switches can also be set for small electronic control box implementation, both of automatic control System. Four. Accident suddenly Water hammer force control Unexpected sudden stop pump failure or power supply network generally refers to the protection of strong lightning tripped the pump stops and other phenomena, such probability can not stop the pump The total number of pumping 1%, but the resulting water hammer on the pipe network and water supply unit has a destructive, attention should be paid. a) Water hammer physical phenomena This is not to discuss the pipeline water hammer, only to facilitate the control valves reduce water hammer power functions and working principle of the narrative , Cited Zhukovsky water hammer Water hammer formula of a simple physical phenomenon describing. Type of H - to produce water hammer water hammer when power (m water column); C - water hammer wave speed, if not for the moment medium, tube The elasticity of the wall material and wall thickness, similar to taking C = 1000m / s; g - acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m / s; Vo - Water hammer occurs before the medium flow rate (m / s); Vt - Water hammer occurs when the medium velocity (m / s). 4-1 can be seen from the type necessary conditions for occurrence of water hammer is the fluid velocity change, surge capacity depends on the size of changes in gradient. Stop pump flow rate to zero by the V0, first floor surface due to fluid inertia, the water layer is compressed, the pressure increase (ie, water hammer pressure), then turn due to inertia force layer, layer ... ... stagnation, pressure rise, is compressed, there's high pressure zone and low-pressure micro-areas, which the interface is called water hammer wave (this time for the pressurized wave), pressure wave until the water pipes of the pipe Duanmo layer disappears. Followed by reverse layer, a layer of ... ... spread to the start of the first floor of water hammer surface (at this time for the complex pressure wave), this time from the process t can be expressed as: The formula L - length of mains (m). If the valve closing time T off, then T off L/500s conditions for the indirect water hammer water hammer, ΔH is less than the direct water hammer. This is because the indirect water hammer, valve pre-pressurization process being developed will be subject to complex pressure wave interference is being undermined. ΔH of the size and number of the degree of interference and interference. From the above brief, we learn, the control valve can not prevent accidents when a sudden stop pump water hammer occurs, but according to the length of pipeline, through the regulation valve closing time, will directly translate into indirect water hammer water hammer reduced to the smallest ΔH to ensure the water security of pipelines and pumping units. b) the regulation of the valve closing time Pump control valve commonly used in the current closing time of adjustment in two ways, to point out that the article refers to the regulation of pump control valve is one of the functions, although this function with various types of check valve or other valve not necessarily a pump control valve, do this while misleading, as detailed in this chapter, "Conclusions" section. c) two-stage off valve (that is, quick closing valve after the slow first off valve) This form of off valve Water hammer can prevent the occurrence, as quick off valve of the time, it should match the length of the pipeline, taking into account the speed and reverse pump water back size, to meet Water hammer eliminating the requirements. d) uniform off valves This off valve is characterized by a variety of different length according to water pipes and select complex pressure wave from the number of different off valve regulating the time constant T to meet the relevant> L/500s conditions. Substantially weaken the Water hammer suddenly hit the water, adaptable than the two-stage off valve is broad enough to meet the GB/T50265-97 "Pumping Station Design Standards" on the anti-speed should not exceed the rated speed 1.2 times the duration should not exceed the requirements of 2min. The pump control valve solenoid valve control by the two methods. 5. Select the mobility of major stressors The servo valve design for the way while taking pressure distribution by one-way valve, high pressure fluid by a tube into the water source for the pressure valve. Both the water side of water or water-side pressure of the water pressure, can be a separate implementation of the control valve to open or close. Precisely because of the existence of this feature, so that pump control valves to meet a variety of pump start, pump stop operating characteristics such as may be required. Its also important because: When the transmission medium is turbid water, can not be the driving source for the needs of the pressure source, can be realized as long as a servo control valve piping all the features. 6. Energy The over-current energy consumption of media control in the smallest pump control valve is an important topic. We sample some of the control valve diameter were obtained by experiments for the reference of the following experimental formula: Resistance coefficient ξ in the following formula: When the DN ≤ 250 when ξ = 14.68 × V1.1339 (7-1) When the DN> 250 when ξ = 10.97 × V1.1339 (7-2) Type in the ξ - drag coefficient; V - Medium velocity (m / s). Hf local head losses to the following formula: hf = ξ × V2/2g (7-3) Or: hf = 0.749 × V0.8661 (7-4) hf = 0.56 × V0.8661 (7-5) Type in hf - local head loss (m water column); V - Medium velocity (m / s); g - acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 (m/s2). After testing, the kind of pump control valve head loss than the same type of hydraulic control valves reduce energy consumption 30%. 3, Conclusion Operating characteristics with the control function of pump valve pump control valve just as it is obvious. Section 1 of this Chapter, "Start the pump characteristics and control" of a), b), c) section; the first two "stop the pump and control" of a), b) of Article; Section 3 "Changing the device characteristics" of a), b) section; in Section 4, "Water hammer sudden unexpected force control" of b); eight functions described here are the pump operating characteristics of the technical conditions required is the pump itself to control the valve operating characteristics of the content requirements, but also a necessary function of pump control valve. These essential features are different from the pump control valve check valve or other valve types to define quality. Why not have the necessary functions can not be called Pump Control Valve? This can be illustrated by the following example: If with the first two a), after the first stop valve off the pump function, pump, all pumps are stopped suddenly stopped pumping into the accident, accounting for 99% of the total pump stops pumping more than normal, and can to avoid the occurrence of water hammer and pump the safety reversal naught, how dangerous. If with the first two and three of the feature, start the pump can be achieved only valve opening, pump valve closing to achieve closure, it was obvious that the pump control valve to work, loss of control valve " control "real, more difficult to understand for the pump control valve of the. If the first three with no adjustable flow feature, once the pump's operating conditions because of resistance in the small, traffic is heavy, not only deviated from the maximum pump energy efficiency area, and shaft power surge due to overloading and damage to unit . Therefore, the pump control valve should have the necessary features eight is inevitable.