The United States, Australia, China, India, Korea, Japan is the world’s most important source of energy power. The total population of the six countries accounted for 45% of the world’s population, gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for the sum of 49% of the world’s total energy consumption accounts for 48% of the world’s total, while 48% of the world’s greenhouse gases from this six national emissions. The six countries play a decisive role.

1 12, 6 representatives gathered in Sydney, Australia to start the “Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Program” is committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase the use of traditional energy efficiency, promotion of renewable energy efforts.

“Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Program,” is the six countries to address climate change established a constructive framework for cooperation.

complement rather than replace

“Kyoto Protocol”

the United States and Australia have not signed the “Kyoto Protocol” of the two major industrialized countries. The United States is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, while Australia is the world’s largest coal exporter. As in the “Kyoto Protocol” position on the issue, the two countries has been heavily criticized. “Kyoto Protocol” legally binding, signatories need in 2012 to reach emission reduction targets under the protocol.

“Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate Plan” provides a different from the “Kyoto Protocol” framework. Partnership aims to establish a voluntary, non-legally binding framework for international cooperation partner countries through cooperation for the development and effective, cleaner, more efficient transfer of technology. The participating countries that the plan in line with “United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,” will complement rather than replace the “Kyoto Protocol.”

Australian Prime Minister John Howard on the 12th at the conference, announced in the next five years, Australia will spend 100 million Australian dollars (75 million U.S. dollars) for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to combat global warming, of which 500 million Australian dollars (375 million U.S. dollars) directly for the new Partner Program.

U.S. Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman said he would Congress for 52 million U.S. dollars budget for the development of environmental projects.

Chinese State Councilor Hua Jianmin delivered a speech at the launch meeting said the Chinese government all help to promote development, poverty eradication will help protect the environment, mitigate climate change will help to strengthen international exchange and cooperation initiatives are supportive of attitude, will actively participate in and promote the “Partnership Program” implementation.

Hua Jianmin said that the Chinese Government takes environmental protection as a basic national policy, from their own national conditions, in order to protect the environment has taken a series of effective measures, including adjustment of industrial structure, energy structure, afforestation, population control growth and development of “Atmospheric Pollution Prevention and Control Law,” and a series of laws and regulations, and popularizing knowledge of environmental protection, and achieved remarkable results. From 1990 to 2004, China’s average annual growth of about 5% of the energy consumption, supporting an average annual growth of 9.3% of the economic development.

Minister of Environment and Forests of India A · Raja said the Indian government has set up a department specifically responsible for the coordination of various government departments to improve energy efficiency. The Government has also developed the power bill and help build a more energy-efficient electricity market structure. In addition, as one of energy-saving measures, India is also planning the development of passenger traffic in some major cities public transport.

as signed the “Kyoto Protocol” of the developing countries, China and India have not been forced to reduce greenhouse gas emissions restrictions. But both governments have indicated that within its capacity to take measures to improve air pollution.

“We can not promise anything, but that does not mean that we will not take measures to further reduce emissions,” Raja said, “our system has began to move toward this goal reduction, we are gradually take measures. In many areas, we introduced a reduction of new technology. “

China and India have proposed, the transfer of new technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions for developing countries is essential.

“Partner Program” to discuss clean energy technologies

1, clean coal. In order to measure the greenhouse gas emissions, coal is the most unclean fossil fuels, but the use of coal in the next decade will continue to increase, which is due to sufficient supply of coal at low prices. To reduce emissions, to come from coal combustion to reduce the release of carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide gas to proceed.

the so-called clean coal technology is a way to significantly reduce greenhouse gases and pollutants, a new combustion process. For example: an integrated gasification combined cycle coal into gas in the process of eliminating most of sulfur dioxide and other polluting gases, and combustion gases to drive turbine generators. Turbine heat arising from the work will be the water into steam, and then drive a steam engine, to increase generating capacity.

Another program is “coal - liquid” process: coal crushing, heating, thus producing gas, and then the gas condensed into an almost non-sulfur liquid fuels.

of the most promising clean coal technology is the use of coal to produce hydrogen from water, and then the carbon dioxide produced by-product of synthetic burial, the use of hydrogen as fuel.

2, carbon capture and storage. This process is the burning of coal and gas power plants release carbon dioxide capture, and then pressed into the abandoned underground oil and gas fields. The problem is that this technology in the underground storage of carbon dioxide can be long.

3, hydrogen. Hydrogen is a very environmentally friendly fuel. If you burned in the combustion chamber, will only produce electricity and water. However, the use of hydrogen is very expensive to produce hydrogen also needs large amounts of energy.

4, methane. Methane from municipal waste, coal mines, paddy fields, peat bogs produced Tanaka is the most potential areas of environmental protection heating gas.

in the garbage and coal seam methane capture technology in order to supply a small power plant already exists. Global warming makes the Arctic permafrost zone permafrost, releasing huge amounts of methane.

5, gas - liquid. This technology is natural gas, coal and hydrogen molecules in the combination of ingredients made into synthetic liquid petroleum products, such as diesel fuel.

of this technology in the oil-rich countries become increasingly popular. At present, Malaysia has a small factory, Qatar is building a number of large projects. The fuel, made use of this technology than the crude oil produced by the fuel cleaner.

6, nuclear power. In theory, nuclear power does not produce greenhouse gases. But the nuclear power generated by a radioactive waste storage costly. Nonetheless, in today’s soaring oil prices, nuclear power became an option. The long term, the United States and other countries are developing the next generation nuclear fission reactors and fusion technology.

7, other technologies.

geothermal energy - the use of deep strata of the heat steam turbine driven power generation.

bio-fuels - this may be the oldest human use of energy, such as firewood, manure, sugar cane and other crops but also to extract the ethanol.

hydro, wind power, solar energy - all of these energy sources have to be technically guaranteed, but the cost is too high compared to fossil fuels. In many countries, since the implementation of a higher environmental standards, more and more difficult to build large-scale hydropower stations.

in development

“cleaner use of fossil fuels”

six countries on the two-day “Partnership Program” to reach agreement to start at the end of its “core point” Yes, ” We recognize that the pursuit of development and poverty eradication urgent needs. ” Based on this starting point, the six countries that use less fossil fuel is not currently feasible because of coal, oil and other fossil fuels underpin their economies, but also in a generation or even a long time, this reality still seems difficult to change.

However, this does not mean that they give up the six-nation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Representatives of the six countries indicated that they had been aware of renewable energy and nuclear energy will be in future a larger share of the energy mix.

“By working together, we will better meet the growing demand for energy to cope with the accompanying challenges, including those relating to air pollution, energy security and greenhouse gas emissions increase in the challenge,” issued after the six countries in , said in a declaration.

declaration added: “The important thing is that we need to work together to develop, display, use of cleaner and low-emission technologies to ensure the establishment of the fossil fuels on the basis of sustained economic development, while addressing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. “

the two-day ministerial-level” Partnership Program “to start the meeting an important outcome is the establishment of the eight working groups to develop action plans, plan involves the use of cleaner fossil energy, renewable energy and distributed power supply, steel, aluminum, cement, coal mining, power generation and transmission, construction and household appliances and many other aspects.

relative fossil fuels, nuclear energy is a cleaner source of energy. However, due to the sensitivity of nuclear technology, the six countries of the “Partner Program” is not particularly dwell on the nuclear energy.

U.S. Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman said the participants are not deliberately said nothing about nuclear energy, is not interested in nuclear energy from the working group’s action plan is omitted. The Associated Press quoted the U.S. nuclear industry’s trade organization “Institute of Nuclear Energy,” the source, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission will soon be receiving applications for construction of nine nuclear power plants.

Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Tang Natan words, nuclear power is indeed much cleaner, but the industry faces other complex factors, such as “nuclear waste disposal and security issues.”

Associated Press that the U.S. does not seem to determine this issue should be taken to promote nuclear energy, what kind of attitude. Boardman 11, said it was clear that nuclear energy will be the next 20 years to meet the world’s growing demand for electricity a choice, but he also expressed the terrorists to steal nuclear materials from nuclear power plants, develop nuclear weapons concerns.

“Since our country has undergone ‘9 · 11 ‘incident, the terrorist threat has become that we must face seriously the problem, it is feared terrorists could find ways to obtain nuclear materials,” Bodman said.

in the recent Iranian nuclear crisis, Iran has repeatedly shown that he is entitled to develop civilian nuclear power, but the United States believes that Iran’s development of nuclear technology in order to create nuclear weapons, so hope that through the UN Security Council sanctions against Iran.

能源消费和权力打开一个新的名单美国担心核能的负面影响

美国，澳大利亚，中国，印度，韩国，日本是世界上最重要的能源动力源。六个国家的总人口占45％的世界人口，国内生产总值（GDP）的为49个世界能源消费总量占％，金额占48世界总量％，而48％的世界来自这6个国家排放的温室气体。六国起着决定性的作用。

1 12，6代表在澳大利亚悉尼开始就聚集清洁发展和气候计划的“亚太伙伴关系”，是致力于减少温室气体排放，提高传统能源效率，可再生能源的推广使用工作。

“亚太清洁发展伙伴关系和气候计划”，是六国应对气候变化建立了建设性的合作框架。

补充而不是取代

“京都议定书”

美国和澳大利亚尚未签署“京都议定书”的两个主要工业化国家。美国是世界上{zd0}的温室气体排放国，而澳大利亚是世界上{zd0}的煤炭出口国。正如在“京都议定书”在这个问题上，两国的立场一直强烈批评。 “京都议定书”具有法律约束力，签署方必须在2012年实现议定书所规定的减排目标。

“亚太清洁发展与气候新伙伴计划”提供了一个从“京都议定书”的框架有所不同。旨在建立合作伙伴关系，通过发展和有效，更清洁的合作自愿，无法律约束力的国际合作伙伴国家的框架，更有效的技术转让。与会国家一致认为气候与“联合国气候变化公约”的计划，将补充而不是取代“京都议定书”。

澳大利亚总理约翰霍华德在会议12日在未来五年内宣布，澳大利亚将斥资1亿美元（七千五点〇万美元的温室气体减排）澳元以应对全球变暖，其中5.00亿（375万美元）为新的合作伙伴计划直接澳元。

美国能源部长塞缪尔博德曼表示，他的52万美元的环境项目的开发预算，国会。

中国国务委员华建敏在会上启动会议讲话说，中方都有助于促进发展，xx贫困，将有助于保护环境，减缓气候变化将有助于加强国际交流与合作的倡议支持的态度，将积极参与和推动“伙伴计划”的执行情况。

华建敏说，中国政府以此为基本国策，保护环境，从自己的国情，为了保护环境采取了一系列行之有效的措施，包括产业结构，能源结构，植树造林调整，控制人口增长和发展的“大气污染防治法”和一系列法律法规，普及环保知识，取得了明显成效。从1990年到2004年，中国的年均增长约5％的能源消耗，支持平均9.3％的经济年增长率发展。

环境和印度A ·森林部长拉贾说，印度政府已成立了一个部门专门为各政府部门协调，以提高能源利用效率。政府还制定了电费，并帮助建立一个更加节能的电力市场结构。此外，作为一项节能措施，印度还计划的客运量在一些主要城市公共交通的发展。

作为签署了“京都议定书”的发展中国家，中国和印度都没有被迫减少温室气体排放的限制。但两国政府都表示，在能力范围内采取措施，改善空气污染。

“我们不能承诺什么，但是这并不意味着我们将不采取措施，进一步降低排放量，”拉贾说，“我们的系统已经开始朝这个目标的减少，我们正在逐步采取措施。在许多地区，我们推出了多种新技术减少。“

中国和印度的提议，新技术的转让，以减少发展中国家的温室气体排放是必要的。

“合作伙伴计划”，以讨论清洁能源技术

1，清洁煤。为了衡量温室气体排放，煤是最不洁净的化石燃料，但煤在未来10年的使用将不断增加，这是由于价格低廉的煤炭供应充足。为了减少排放来自煤的燃烧，减少一氧化碳和二氧化硫气体排放进行。

所谓的清洁煤技术是一种显着减少温室气体和污染物，一个新的燃烧过程。例如：一个综合气化联合循环成气体煤在xx二氧化硫和其他污染气体排放量的过程，燃烧的气体推动涡轮发电机。汽轮机热从工作中出现将水变成蒸汽，然后驱动蒸汽机，增加发电量。

另一个项目是“煤-液”的过程：煤粉碎，加热，使之产生气体，然后将天然气到一个几乎不含硫浓缩液体燃料。

最有前途的清洁煤技术

是利用煤炭从水中产生氢气，然后将产生的二氧化碳的合成埋葬产品，其使用氢作为燃料。

2，碳捕获和储存。这个过程是煤和天然气发电厂释放二氧化碳捕获燃烧，然后将被遗弃的地下石油和天然气田的压力。问题是，这一二氧化碳的地下储存技术可长。

3，氢气。氢是一种非常环保的燃料。如果你烧死在燃烧室，这样只会产生电和水。但是，氢燃料的使用费用昂贵，生产氢气也需要大量的能源。

4，甲烷。从城市垃圾，煤矿，稻田甲烷，泥炭沼田中是生产环保的天然气取暖最有潜力的领域。

的垃圾和煤层甲烷

捕捉技术，以提供一个小型发电厂已经存在。全球变暖使北极冻土区冻土，释放出大量甲烷。

5，气-液。这项技术是天然气，煤和氢分子在为合成液态石油产品如柴油，使成分的组合。

在石油这一技术，丰富的国家越来越受欢迎。目前，马来西亚有一个小工厂，卡塔尔正在建设的大型项目。燃油，使生活在这个较清洁的燃料生产的原油技术的使用。

6，核能。从理论上讲，核能发电不会产生温室气体。但核电由放射性废料储存成本产生。然而，在今天的油价飙升，核电成为一种选择。从长远来看，美国和其他国家正在开发下一代核xx和核聚变反应堆技术。

7，其他技术。

地热能源-的热蒸汽驱动涡轮机发电使用深层。

生物燃料-这可能是最古老的人类使用的能源，如木柴，粪肥，甘蔗和其他作物，而且，提取乙醇。

水电，风能，太阳能-这些能源都必须在技术上保证，但成本太高，相对于矿物燃料。在许多国家，由于较高，环境标准的实施越来越困难，建设大型水电站。

发展

“更清洁的化石燃料使用”

6个国家在为期两天的“伙伴计划”达成协议，开始在其“核心问题”是的，“最终我们认识到发展和xx贫困的迫切需要的追求。“这个出发点的基础上，六个国家使用更少的化石燃料是可行的，因为目前没有煤炭，石油和其他化石燃料的经济支柱，而且在一代人或甚至很长一段时间，这一事实似乎仍然难以改变。

但是，这并不意味着他们放弃了六国努力，以减少温室气体排放。六国代表表示，他们已意识到可再生能源和核能将在未来的能源结构中更大的份额。

“通过共同努力，我们将更好地满足对能源，以应付随之而来的挑战，包括与空气污染，能源安全和温室气体排放增加的挑战日益增长的需求，”六国后，在发给，在声明中说。

声明说：“重要的是，我们需要共同努力，开发，展示，使用更清洁和低排放技术，以确保对化石燃料的经济持续发展的基础上建立，同时解决空气污染和温室气体的排放。“

为期两天的部长级”伙伴计划“启动会议的一个重要成果是，8个工作组，负责制订行动计划，计划涉及到更清洁的矿物能源的使用，可再生能源和分布式供能，钢铁，铝，水泥，煤炭，发电和输电，建筑和家用电器等许多方面。

相对化石燃料，核能是一种清洁能源的来源。但是，由于核技术的敏感性，对“伙伴计划”是不是特别纠缠于核能的六个国家。

美国能源部长塞缪尔博德曼说，当然是不能刻意避谈核能一无所知，不感兴趣的工作组的行动计划，在核能被省略。美联社援引美国核能工业的贸易组织“核能研究所”的来源，美国核管理委员会将很快接受了9个核电厂的申请。

澳大利亚外交部长亚历山大汤南探话，核电确实干净多了，但行业面临着诸如“核废料处理和安全等问题的复杂因素。”

美联社说，美国似乎并不确定这个问题应采取措施促进核能，什么样的态度。博德曼11日表示，很明显，核能将是未来20年，以满足全球日益增长的电力需求选择，但他也表示，恐怖分子窃取核电厂的核材料，核武器的发展问题。

由于我们的国家“，经历了’9 · 11′事件后，恐怖分子的威胁，已经成为我们必须面对的严重问题，人们担心恐怖分子可能设法获得核材料，”博德曼说。

在最近的伊朗核危机

，伊朗已经一再表明，他有权发展民用核能，但美国认为，伊朗的核技术发展，以制造核武器，因此希望通过联合国安理会安理会对伊朗实施制裁。06.1.20