原文：
一般阀门常见故障及预防方法： 　　一、填料函泄漏： 　　这是跑、冒、漏的主要方面，在工厂里经常见到。产生填料函泄漏的原因有下列几点：1、填料与工作介质的腐蚀性、温度、压力不相适应；2、装填方法不对，尤其是整根填料备用旋放入，最易产生泄漏；3、阀杆加工精度或表面光洁度不够，或有椭圆度，或有刻痕；4、阀杆已发生点蚀，或因 露天缺乏保护而生锈；5、阀杆弯曲；6、填料使用太久已经老化。7、操作太猛。 　　二、关闭件泄漏： 通常将填料函泄漏叫外漏，把关闭件泄漏叫做内漏，关闭件泄漏，在阀门里在，不易发现。关闭件泄漏，可分两类；一类是密封面泄漏；另一类是密封件根部泄漏。引起泄漏的原因有：1、密封面研磨得不好；2、密封圈与阀座、阀办配合不严紧；3、阀办与阀杆连接不牢靠；4、 阀杆弯扭，使上下关闭件不对中；5、关闭太快，密封面接触不好或早已损坏；6、材料选择不当，经受不住介质的腐蚀；7、将截止阀、闸阀作调节使用，密封面经受不住高速流动介质的冲击；8、某些介质，在阀门关闭后逐渐冷却，使密封面出现细缝，也会产生冲蚀现象；9、某些密封圈与阀座、阀办之间采用螺纹连接，容易产生氧浓差电池，腐蚀松脱；10、因焊渣、铁锈、尘土等杂质嵌入，或生产系统中有机械另件脱落堵住阀芯，使阀门不能关严。 　　三、阀杆升降失灵： 其原因有：1、 操作过猛使螺纹损伤；2、缺乏润滑剂或润滑剂失效；3、阀杆弯扭；4、表面光洁度不够；5、配合公差不准，咬得过紧；6、阀杆螺母倾斜;7、材料选择不当；例如阀杆与阀杆螺母为同一材质，容易咬住；8、螺纹波介质腐蚀（指暗杆阀门或阀杆在下部的阀门）；9、露天阀门缺少保护，阀杆螺纹粘满尘砂，或者被雨露霜雪等锈蚀。 　　四、其它： 1、阀体开裂： 一般是冰冻造成的。天冷时，阀门要有保温伴热措施，否则停产后应将阀门及连接管路中的水排净（如有阀底丝堵，可打开丝堵排水）。 2、手轮损坏：撞击或长杠杆猛力操作所致。只要操作人员或其他有关人员注意，便可避免。 3、填料压盖断裂：压紧填料时用力不均匀，或压盖有缺陷。压紧填料，要对称地旋转螺丝，不可偏歪。制造时不仅要注意大件和关键件，也要注意压盖之类次要件，否则 影响使用。 4、阀杆与闸板连接失灵：闸阀采用阀杆长方头与闸板T形槽连接形式较多，T形槽内有时不加工，因此使阀杆长方头磨损较快。主要从制造方面来解决。但使用单位也可对T行槽进行补加工，让她有一定光洁度。 5、双闸板阀门的闸板不能压紧密封面：双闸板的张力是靠顶楔产生的，有些闸阀，顶楔材质不佳（低牌号铸铁），使用不久便磨损或折断。顶楔是个小件，换下原来的铸铁件。 　

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译文：
General Valve Common Faults and prevention: 1, packing leak letter: It is run, run, missed the main aspects, often seen in the factory. Leakage produce stuffing the following points: 1, packing and corrosive working media, temperature, pressure incompatible; 2, loading method does not, especially the entire back-rotation into the root filling, most likely to produce leakage; 3 , stem surface finish machining accuracy or not, or ellipse, or a notch; 4, stem pitting has occurred, or the lack of protection of the rusted open; 5, stem bending; 6, using long filler has been aging. 7, operating too fast. Second, turn off pieces of leak: leak stuffing usually called the leak to close the piece called endoleak leak, turn off the pieces of leakage in the valve in the difficult to find. Close document leak can be divided into two categories; one is sealing surface leakage; the other is the root seal leakage. Leakage caused by reasons: 1, poorly sealing surface grinding; 2, seal and valve seat, valve do not meet the stringent; 3, valve stem connected to do with the insecure; 4, stem bending and torsion, to close down piece misalignment; 5, close too fast, not good or had contact with sealing surface damage; 6, selection of material properly, unable to withstand the corrosive medium; 7, the cut-off valve, gate valve to regulate the use, the sealing surface withstand the high-speed the impact of mobile media; 8, some of the medium, after cooling down in the valve closed, so there slit sealing surface, there would be erosion phenomena; 9, some of the seals and the valve seat, valve with threaded connections between organized easily lead to oxygen concentration cell corrosion loose; 10, because of welding slag, rust, dust and other impurities embedded in, or production systems in machinery parts off block valve, the valve can not be tightly closed. Third, the stem down failure: The reasons are: 1, excessive operation to thread damage; 2, the lack of lubricant or lubricant failure; 3, stem bending and torsion; 4, surface finish is not enough; 5, with the tolerance allowed, bite too tight; 6, stem nut tilt; 7, improper choice of materials; such as the stem and the stem nut for the same material, easy to bite; 8, thread corrosion medium wave (defined as the dark bar at the bottom of the valve or valve stem valve); 9, the lack of protection of the open valve, the valve stem thread Nianman dust sand or other corrosion by rain and frost. 4, other: 1, body crack: is generally caused by freezing. Cold weather, the valve must have insulation and heating measures, otherwise discontinued after the valve and connecting pipe should be in the net water row (if the end of a plug valve, to open the drain plug wire). 2, hand wheel damage: impact due to operation or long lever violently. As long as the operator or other relevant officers that could be avoided. 3, packing gland rupture: when the hard uneven compression packing or gland defects. Compression packing, to symmetrically rotate screws, not skewed. Manufacture not only to pay attention to large and critical parts, but also pay attention to sub-elements like gland, or affect the use. 4, the stem and the gate connection failure: valve stem rectangle with T-shaped head and ram the form of more slot connection, T-shaped tank is sometimes not processing, so to Stem rectangular head wear out sooner. Mainly from manufacturing to resolve. However, units can also use the slots to fill on the T-line processing, so she must finish. 5, double plate gate valve can not close the cover of pressure: double plate in tension is generated by the top wedge, some valve, poor top wedge material (low-grade cast iron), use soon wear or break. Top wedge is a small piece, replaced the original cast iron.