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鐙垱鎬у拰鐏垫椿鎬х殑閲嶈鎬ф槸涓€涓柟闈紝鍥藉鏀寔鏄彟涓€涓柟闈紝鍦ㄧ粡娴庢垚鍔熶笂鐨勮础鐚緢瀹规槗璇嗗埆銆傞潪甯告垚鍔熺殑鍏徃锛岃濡傛矁灏旀矁銆佺粎瀹濄€佺埍绔嬩俊銆佷紛鑾卞厠鏂€佽儭鏂崕绾炽€佸崥鏍?span lang="EN-US">.娌冪撼閮芥槸鍦?span lang="EN-US">19涓栫邯鎴?span lang="EN-US">20涓栫邯鏃╂湡锛岀敱鍦ㄥ浗瀹跺ぇ瀛﹀拰鏂板缓鐨勬妧鏈闄㈡帴鍙楄繃绉戝鍜屾妧鏈煿璁殑浼佷笟瀹跺紑鍒涚殑銆備妇涓緥瀛愭潵璇达紝Gustaf de Laval锛屽湪鏂痉鍝ュ皵鎽╂妧鏈闄㈠煿璁繃锛屽彂鏄庝簡涔抽叒鍒嗙鍣紙鐟炲吀褰撴椂鍦ㄥ緢澶х▼搴︿笂渚濈劧鏄啘涓氬拰鏃ョ敤鍝佸熀纭€缁忔祹锛夈€備粬鍦?span lang="EN-US">1883骞存垚绔嬩簡涓€涓叕鍙糕€曗€?span lang="EN-US">AB鍒嗙鍣ㄥ叕鍙糕€曗€曞埗閫犲拰閿€鍞粬鍙戞槑鐨勪骇鍝侊紝鍦ㄥ叕鍙哥殑澶?span lang="EN-US">15骞村唴鐢熶骇浜嗚秴鍑?span lang="EN-US">10涓囧彴鐨勬満鍣紝鍏朵腑浜斿垎涔嬪洓鐢ㄤ簬鍑哄彛銆傝繖涓叕鍙稿悗鏉ユ敼鍚嶄负闃夸紣锛嶆媺浼愶紝1986骞村畠渚濈劧鏄笘鐣屽ザ鍒跺搧璁惧鐨勯澶寸緤锛屽崰棰嗕簡澶х害35锛呯殑甯傚満銆?span lang="EN-US">
浣嗘槸Laval寰堝揩杞悜浜嗗埆鐨勬妧鏈鍩熴€?span lang="EN-US">1890骞达紝浠栧彂鏄庝簡钂告苯娑¤疆寮曟搸锛屽彲浠ヤ负娴疯埅鑸瑰彧鎻愪緵鍔ㄥ姏锛屼篃鍙互鐢ㄦ潵鍙戠數銆傚埌1898骞村凡缁忕敓浜т簡1400鍙拌繖鏍风殑寮曟搸锛岄櫎浜嗗叾涓殑澶х害300鍙帮紝鍏朵粬鍧囩敤浜庡嚭鍙ｃ€傝繖涓彂鏄庡畬鍏ㄧ嫭绔嬩簬鏇翠负浜烘墍鐭ョ殑鑻卞浗Charles Parsons鐖靛＋鐨勫彂鏄庯紝鐖靛＋鐢辫捀姹芥丁杞┍鍔ㄧ殑娑¤疆鏈洪娆¤埅琛屾槸鍦?span lang="EN-US">1897骞达紙Gustavson,1986锛夈€?span lang="EN-US">
Birger Ljungstrom锛?span lang="EN-US">1872-1948锛夋槸鍙﹀涓€涓繖鏍风殑鍙戞槑瀹朵紒涓氫富銆?span lang="EN-US">16宀佺殑鏃跺€欙紝Ljungstrom鍙戞槑浜嗗彲璋冪殑榻胯疆鍙橀€熻嚜琛岃溅锛屼竴搴﹀緱鍒?span lang="EN-US">Alfred Nobeld鐨勬敮鎸併€?span lang="EN-US">1908骞达紝浠栧拰浠栫殑鍏勫紵Fredrik涓€璧峰垱绔嬩簡涓€涓叕鍙革紝鐢熶骇澶у瀷娑¤疆鏈恒€傞鎵瑰ぇ瀹楁捣澶栦氦鏄撲腑锛屽氨鏈夎浼︽暒琛楄溅鍏徃璁㈣喘鐨勬晥鐜囪揪77锛呯殑1000鐡︾壒娑¤疆浜ゆ祦鍙戠數鏈恒€傛墍闇€娉ㄦ槑鐨勬槸锛岃捀姹芥丁杞満鍦ㄧ憺鍏告槸琚檺鍒朵娇鐢ㄧ殑锛屽洜涓烘墍闇€鐓ゅ嚑涔庡叏閮ㄤ緷璧栬繘鍙ｃ€傚洜姝ゆ樉鐒跺湪鍒濇湡锛?span lang="EN-US">Laval鍜?span lang="EN-US">Ljungstrom鐬勫噯鐨勫氨鏄捣澶栧競鍦恒€?span lang="EN-US">1914骞达紝Ljungstrom鐮旂┒鍗曠考鏈猴紝閮ㄥ垎涓轰簡姹借溅锛屼华鍣ㄤ笂鏄负浜嗙氦缁寸礌鐢熶骇锛堝綋鏃讹紝閲嶈鐨勬槸涓鸿禌鐠愮彏鐨勭敓浜э紝涓€绉嶅鑳剁殑鍏堥┍锛屽湪涓€鎴樻湡闂寸敤浜庨鏈烘尅椋庣幓鐠冿級銆?span lang="EN-US">
鑳℃柉鍗庣撼鍏徃鐢卞彟澶栦竴涓湁杩涘彇蹇冪殑浜哄紑鍒涳紝Per Froms锛?span lang="EN-US">1856-1931锛夛紝浠ュ墠鍦ㄤ竴瀹跺悕鍙集鏋楀痉鏂殑鍏徃浠ュ寰掔殑韬唤浠庝簨宸ョ▼甯堢殑宸ヤ綔锛岃儭鏂崕绾充篃鏄互鍒堕€犺嚜琛岃溅璧峰銆?span lang="EN-US">1900骞达紝鑳℃柉鍗庣撼鍏徃骞翠骇鑷杞﹀ぇ绾?span lang="EN-US">5000杈嗭紝1908骞达紝杩欎釜鍏徃宸茬粡寮€濮嬬敓浜ф懇鎵樿溅锛岀洿鑷崇幇鍦ㄣ€?/span>
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娌冨皵娌冦€佺粎瀹濄€佹柉鍫凹浜氫篃鏄繖鏃跺€欒捣瀹剁殑銆傚洜涓虹憺鍏稿嚑涔庢病鏈夌叅鍌ㄨ棌閲忥紝杩欎釜鍥藉鍙湁鎴栧鎴栧皯“璺繃”鍗犺嫳鍥藉伐涓氬巻鍙茶繎涓€涓笘绾殑“钂告苯鏃朵唬”锛堣绗叚绔犻槓杩帮級銆傚悓鏍凤紝鐟炲吀涔熸病鏈夌煶娌瑰偍钘忋€傜劧鑰屾棭鏈熺殑浼佷笟瀹惰濡?span lang="EN-US">Alfred Nobel锛?span lang="EN-US">1833-96锛夛紝璇鸿礉灏斿鐨勮祫鍔╀汉锛屽氨璁よ瘑鍒拌繖绉嶈嚜鐒朵骇鐗╃殑鐨勬綔鑳斤紝鍦ㄧ憺鍏稿缓绔嬩簡涓€浜涗笘鐣屼笂鏈€鏃╃殑绮剧偧鍘傦紝鍘熸枡鍒╃敤淇勫浗宸村簱鍦板尯鐨勫師娌广€傚師娌规彁鐐肩殑浜у搧鈥曗€曠叅娌广€佹苯娌圭瓑绛夆€曗€曞緢蹇氨琚被浼间集鏋楀痉鏂繖鏍风殑鍏徃浣滀负閿湪璁惧鐨勫姩鍔涙潵婧愶紝浠庨偅鏃惰捣锛屽氨鏈濆悜姹借溅宸ョ▼杩堜簡涓€灏忔銆?span lang="EN-US">1897-98骞达紝涓€涓湪浼灄寰锋柉鏈哄櫒涓婂伐浣滅殑閿湪鍘傚伐绋嬪笀锛?span lang="EN-US">Gustaf Erikson锛屽埗閫犲嚭浜嗙憺鍏哥涓€杈嗘苯杞︼紝鏈€鍚庯紙鍦?span lang="EN-US">1911骞达級鍒涚珛浜嗘柉鍫凹浜氬叕鍙搞€?span lang="EN-US">1914骞达紝鏂牚灏间簹鍏徃骞翠骇200杈嗘苯杞﹀拰鍗¤溅銆?/span>
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濡傚墠鎵€杩帮紝鐟炲吀缁忔祹鐨勮浆鍙樹笌鏀垮簻鏀跨瓥鐨勭浉鍏崇▼搴﹀悓涓庡皯鏁颁紒涓氬涓€鏍凤紝鍏崇郴瀵嗗垏銆傞櫎浜嗘暀鑲诧紝鍥藉鏀垮簻浠?span lang="EN-US">19涓栫邯70骞翠唬寮€濮嬭繍琛岄搧璺郴缁燂紝澶уぇ鏂逛究浜嗚濡傞搧鐭跨煶绛夊師鏉愭枡鐨勮繍杈擄紙涓庣叅鍙婄煶娌圭浉鍙嶏紝鐟炲吀閾佺熆鐭冲偍閲忎赴瀵岋級銆傚埌20涓栫邯40骞翠唬锛岀憺鍏稿姞寮轰簡瀵圭瀛﹀拰鎶€鏈殑鍥藉鏀寔鈥曗€曚妇渚嬫潵璇达紝1942骞存垚绔嬫妧鏈爺绌剁悊浜嬩細锛?span lang="EN-US">1946骞存垚绔嬩簡鍥藉绉戝鐞嗕簨浼氾紝鍔ㄥ姏涓昏鏉ヨ嚜绀句細姘戜富鍏氶鐩?span lang="EN-US">T.F.Erlander锛?span lang="EN-US">1946-69锛夛紝鏁欒偛閮ㄥ墠閮ㄩ暱銆?span lang="EN-US">1960骞达紝鐟炲吀鐨?span lang="EN-US">R&D鏀嚭鏄?span lang="EN-US">GDP鐨?span lang="EN-US">1.7锛咃紙褰撴椂鐨勬境澶у埄浜氭槸1.1锛咃級锛?span lang="EN-US">1987骞达紝宸茬粡澧為暱鍒颁簡鍑犺繎3.0锛?mdash;—OECD鎴愬憳鍥戒腑鏈€楂樻寚鏍囨暟涔嬩竴——婢冲ぇ鍒╀簹涓嬮檷鍒?span lang="EN-US">1.0锛咃紙Lowe,1987锛?span lang="EN-US">OECD,1989锛夈€?span lang="EN-US">
浼犵粺涓婏紝鐟炲吀浼佷笟鍜屾斂搴滀箣闂存湁鐫€绱у瘑鐨勫悎浣溿€備妇渚嬫潵璇达紝鍚堜綔鐮旂┒瀛︿細鍊惧悜闆嗕腑浜庢斂搴滄寚瀹氱殑浼樺厛棰嗗煙鐨勭爺绌讹紝鍦ㄨ繃鍘荤殑鍑犲勾涓紝杩欎簺棰嗗煙鍖呮嫭鐢靛瓙宸ヤ笟鍜岃绠楁満鎶€鏈€佽埅绌恒€佹柊鏉愭枡銆佸伐鑹鸿璁″拰鑳芥簮鎶€鏈€傚叾浠栧叧娉?span lang="EN-US">R&D鏀嚭鐨勬斂搴滄満鏋勫寘鎷浗瀹跺ぇ瀛﹀拰瀛﹂櫌鐞嗕簨浼氾紙鐟炲吀R&D鏀嚭鐨勫ぇ绾﹀洓鍒嗕箣涓€鏄楂樼瓑鏁欒偛閮ㄥ垎鎵ц锛夛紝鍏舵垚鍛樺寘鎷锤鏄撹仈鍚堜細鐨勪唬琛ㄥ拰鍏朵粬鏈夋潈鐩婄殑缁勭粐銆傜悊浜嬩細浠ュ锛岃繕鏈夊晢涓氬洟浣撲互鍙婃暀鑲插拰鐮旂┒鍥綋銆傜爺绌惰鍒掍笌鍗忚皟鐞嗕簨浼氬悎骞朵簡鏈潵鐮旂┒绉樹功澶勩€備笌婢冲ぇ鍒╀簹涓嶅悓锛岀瀛﹀拰鎶€鏈棶棰樼殑鍏ㄩ潰鍗忚皟璐ｄ换鐢辨棦瀹氱殑浣滀负鐮旂┒鐞嗕簨浼氫富甯殑棣栫浉璐熻矗銆傛嵁1987骞翠竴涓?span lang="EN-US">OECE鑰冭瘎鍥㈣瘎娴嬶紝鐮旂┒鐞嗕簨浼氭槸涓€涓澃鍑虹殑鏀垮簻鏈烘瀯锛岀Н鏋佸煿鍏诲拰淇冭繘浜嗗熀纭€鐮旂┒鍜屽伐涓氫箣闂寸殑鍚堜綔锛屽鍥藉鍒╃泭鏈変竴涓崗璋冩瑙傜殑瑙嗛噹锛?span lang="EN-US">ASTEC,1989锛夈€?span lang="EN-US">
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“绉戞妧宸ヤ綔鑰呬粠浜嬬鏅伐浣滅姸鍐佃皟鏌?rdquo;璇鹃缁?br />
鑱旂郴浜猴細鍒樺崥澹?liuli66@tsinghua.edu.cn锛涙煰濂冲＋
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