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瀛﹁€呭垬绔?鍙戣〃浜?010-4-23 16:18:38
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鐟炲吀鏄竴涓垚鍔熼┚椹瀛﹀拰鎶€鏈互婊¤冻缁忔祹闇€瑕佺殑鍥藉銆傜憺鍏镐篃濂夎鐢熶骇鍒堕€犲搧浠ヤ緵鍑哄彛鐨勭瓥鐣ワ紝杩芥眰鍙鐨勫洖鎶ャ€傚氨璞℃棩鏈紝杩欑鍥藉缁忔祹瀵煎悜涔熸槸鐩稿綋杩戞湡鎵嶅嚭鐜扮殑锛屽彧鑳芥函鑷?span lang="EN-US">19涓栫邯鏅氭湡銆備簨瀹炰笂锛岀洿鍒?span lang="EN-US">1913骞达紝鐟炲吀鏈€澶х殑浼佷笟鎵嶅紑濮嬬敓浜ф湪鏉愬埗鍝?span lang="EN-US">(鏈ㄦ潗鍜屾湪璐ㄧ焊娴嗭紞Jorberg,1976)锛屼絾鏃犺濡備綍锛岀憺鍏哥粡娴庣殑杞彉宸茬粡寮€濮嬶紝鍗充娇杩欑鍑哄彛瀵煎悜鐨勫埗閫犱笟鍙樺寲涓€寮€濮嬪苟涓嶆槸寰堝交搴曘€?/font>

鐙垱鎬у拰鐏垫椿鎬х殑閲嶈鎬ф槸涓€涓柟闈紝鍥藉鏀寔鏄彟涓€涓柟闈紝鍦ㄧ粡娴庢垚鍔熶笂鐨勮础鐚緢瀹规槗璇嗗埆銆傞潪甯告垚鍔熺殑鍏徃锛岃濡傛矁灏旀矁銆佺粎瀹濄€佺埍绔嬩俊銆佷紛鑾卞厠鏂€佽儭鏂崕绾炽€佸崥鏍?span lang="EN-US">.娌冪撼閮芥槸鍦?span lang="EN-US">19涓栫邯鎴?span lang="EN-US">20涓栫邯鏃╂湡锛岀敱鍦ㄥ浗瀹跺ぇ瀛﹀拰鏂板缓鐨勬妧鏈闄㈡帴鍙楄繃绉戝鍜屾妧鏈煿璁殑浼佷笟瀹跺紑鍒涚殑銆備妇涓緥瀛愭潵璇达紝Gustaf de Laval锛屽湪鏂痉鍝ュ皵鎽╂妧鏈闄㈠煿璁繃锛屽彂鏄庝簡涔抽叒鍒嗙鍣紙鐟炲吀褰撴椂鍦ㄥ緢澶х▼搴︿笂渚濈劧鏄啘涓氬拰鏃ョ敤鍝佸熀纭€缁忔祹锛夈€備粬鍦?span lang="EN-US">1883骞存垚绔嬩簡涓€涓叕鍙糕€曗€?span lang="EN-US">AB鍒嗙鍣ㄥ叕鍙糕€曗€曞埗閫犲拰閿€鍞粬鍙戞槑鐨勪骇鍝侊紝鍦ㄥ叕鍙哥殑澶?span lang="EN-US">15骞村唴鐢熶骇浜嗚秴鍑?span lang="EN-US">10涓囧彴鐨勬満鍣紝鍏朵腑浜斿垎涔嬪洓鐢ㄤ簬鍑哄彛銆傝繖涓叕鍙稿悗鏉ユ敼鍚嶄负闃夸紣锛嶆媺浼愶紝1986骞村畠渚濈劧鏄笘鐣屽ザ鍒跺搧璁惧鐨勯澶寸緤锛屽崰棰嗕簡澶х害35锛呯殑甯傚満銆?span lang="EN-US">

浣嗘槸Laval寰堝揩杞悜浜嗗埆鐨勬妧鏈鍩熴€?span lang="EN-US">1890骞达紝浠栧彂鏄庝簡钂告苯娑¤疆寮曟搸锛屽彲浠ヤ负娴疯埅鑸瑰彧鎻愪緵鍔ㄥ姏锛屼篃鍙互鐢ㄦ潵鍙戠數銆傚埌1898骞村凡缁忕敓浜т簡1400鍙拌繖鏍风殑寮曟搸锛岄櫎浜嗗叾涓殑澶х害300鍙帮紝鍏朵粬鍧囩敤浜庡嚭鍙c€傝繖涓彂鏄庡畬鍏ㄧ嫭绔嬩簬鏇翠负浜烘墍鐭ョ殑鑻卞浗Charles Parsons鐖靛+鐨勫彂鏄庯紝鐖靛+鐢辫捀姹芥丁杞┍鍔ㄧ殑娑¤疆鏈洪娆¤埅琛屾槸鍦?span lang="EN-US">1897骞达紙Gustavson,1986锛夈€?span lang="EN-US">

Birger Ljungstrom锛?span lang="EN-US">1872-1948锛夋槸鍙﹀涓€涓繖鏍风殑鍙戞槑瀹朵紒涓氫富銆?span lang="EN-US">16宀佺殑鏃跺€欙紝Ljungstrom鍙戞槑浜嗗彲璋冪殑榻胯疆鍙橀€熻嚜琛岃溅锛屼竴搴﹀緱鍒?span lang="EN-US">Alfred Nobeld鐨勬敮鎸併€?span lang="EN-US">1908骞达紝浠栧拰浠栫殑鍏勫紵Fredrik涓€璧峰垱绔嬩簡涓€涓叕鍙革紝鐢熶骇澶у瀷娑¤疆鏈恒€傞鎵瑰ぇ瀹楁捣澶栦氦鏄撲腑锛屽氨鏈夎浼︽暒琛楄溅鍏徃璁㈣喘鐨勬晥鐜囪揪77锛呯殑1000鐡︾壒娑¤疆浜ゆ祦鍙戠數鏈恒€傛墍闇€娉ㄦ槑鐨勬槸锛岃捀姹芥丁杞満鍦ㄧ憺鍏告槸琚檺鍒朵娇鐢ㄧ殑锛屽洜涓烘墍闇€鐓ゅ嚑涔庡叏閮ㄤ緷璧栬繘鍙c€傚洜姝ゆ樉鐒跺湪鍒濇湡锛?span lang="EN-US">Laval鍜?span lang="EN-US">Ljungstrom鐬勫噯鐨勫氨鏄捣澶栧競鍦恒€?span lang="EN-US">1914骞达紝Ljungstrom鐮旂┒鍗曠考鏈猴紝閮ㄥ垎涓轰簡姹借溅锛屼华鍣ㄤ笂鏄负浜嗙氦缁寸礌鐢熶骇锛堝綋鏃讹紝閲嶈鐨勬槸涓鸿禌鐠愮彏鐨勭敓浜э紝涓€绉嶅鑳剁殑鍏堥┍锛屽湪涓€鎴樻湡闂寸敤浜庨鏈烘尅椋庣幓鐠冿級銆?span lang="EN-US">

鑳℃柉鍗庣撼鍏徃鐢卞彟澶栦竴涓湁杩涘彇蹇冪殑浜哄紑鍒涳紝Per Froms锛?span lang="EN-US">1856-1931锛夛紝浠ュ墠鍦ㄤ竴瀹跺悕鍙集鏋楀痉鏂殑鍏徃浠ュ寰掔殑韬唤浠庝簨宸ョ▼甯堢殑宸ヤ綔锛岃儭鏂崕绾充篃鏄互鍒堕€犺嚜琛岃溅璧峰銆?span lang="EN-US">1900骞达紝鑳℃柉鍗庣撼鍏徃骞翠骇鑷杞﹀ぇ绾?span lang="EN-US">5000杈嗭紝1908骞达紝杩欎釜鍏徃宸茬粡寮€濮嬬敓浜ф懇鎵樿溅锛岀洿鑷崇幇鍦ㄣ€?/span>

娌冨皵娌冪殑鍙戝鍙?/font>

娌冨皵娌冦€佺粎瀹濄€佹柉鍫凹浜氫篃鏄繖鏃跺€欒捣瀹剁殑銆傚洜涓虹憺鍏稿嚑涔庢病鏈夌叅鍌ㄨ棌閲忥紝杩欎釜鍥藉鍙湁鎴栧鎴栧皯“璺繃”鍗犺嫳鍥藉伐涓氬巻鍙茶繎涓€涓笘绾殑“钂告苯鏃朵唬”锛堣绗叚绔犻槓杩帮級銆傚悓鏍凤紝鐟炲吀涔熸病鏈夌煶娌瑰偍钘忋€傜劧鑰屾棭鏈熺殑浼佷笟瀹惰濡?span lang="EN-US">Alfred Nobel锛?span lang="EN-US">1833-96锛夛紝璇鸿礉灏斿鐨勮祫鍔╀汉锛屽氨璁よ瘑鍒拌繖绉嶈嚜鐒朵骇鐗╃殑鐨勬綔鑳斤紝鍦ㄧ憺鍏稿缓绔嬩簡涓€浜涗笘鐣屼笂鏈€鏃╃殑绮剧偧鍘傦紝鍘熸枡鍒╃敤淇勫浗宸村簱鍦板尯鐨勫師娌广€傚師娌规彁鐐肩殑浜у搧鈥曗€曠叅娌广€佹苯娌圭瓑绛夆€曗€曞緢蹇氨琚被浼间集鏋楀痉鏂繖鏍风殑鍏徃浣滀负閿湪璁惧鐨勫姩鍔涙潵婧愶紝浠庨偅鏃惰捣锛屽氨鏈濆悜姹借溅宸ョ▼杩堜簡涓€灏忔銆?span lang="EN-US">1897-98骞达紝涓€涓湪浼灄寰锋柉鏈哄櫒涓婂伐浣滅殑閿湪鍘傚伐绋嬪笀锛?span lang="EN-US">Gustaf Erikson锛屽埗閫犲嚭浜嗙憺鍏哥涓€杈嗘苯杞︼紝鏈€鍚庯紙鍦?span lang="EN-US">1911骞达級鍒涚珛浜嗘柉鍫凹浜氬叕鍙搞€?span lang="EN-US">1914骞达紝鏂牚灏间簹鍏徃骞翠骇200杈嗘苯杞﹀拰鍗¤溅銆?/span>

 娌冨皵娌冭捣鍒濇槸涓€涓酱鎵垮叕鍙哥殑鍚嶅瓧锛?span lang="EN-US">20涓栫邯鏃╂湡鍦ㄥ摜寰峰牎鍒涚珛銆?span lang="EN-US">Gustav Larson鍦?span lang="EN-US">1917骞村姞鐩熻鍏徃锛?span lang="EN-US">Larson浠ュ墠鍦ㄨ€冩枃鍨備竴瀹惰嫳鍥藉伐绋嬪叕鍙稿伐浣滐紝纭俊娌冨皵娌冨彲浠ヨ浆鍚戞暣杞︾敓浜с€傚叕鍙稿湪1924骞村紑濮嬬敓浜ф暣杞︼紝锛?span lang="EN-US">Gustavson,1986锛?span lang="EN-US">Berggren,1993锛夛紝瓒婃潵瓒婂己澶э紝鑰屼笖寰堝揩灏辩湅鍒伴潻鏂扮殑瀹夊叏鐗规€х殑鍟嗕笟浠峰€硷紙璀1944骞翠笘鐣屼笂绗竴涓溅韬畨鍏ㄦ爮鍜屽眰绉尅椋庣幓鐠冿級鍚岄珮鍝佽川宸ョ▼涓€鏍烽噸瑕併€傜粎瀹濓紝鍘熸槸涓€涓啗鐢ㄩ鏈哄埗閫犲晢锛屽湪20涓栫邯40骞翠唬鏈繘鍏ユ苯杞︾敓浜ч鍩燂紙鍏徃鏁版嵁锛?span lang="EN-US">1955锛夈€?/font>

 

鏀垮簻瀵逛紒涓氬拰澶у绉戞妧鐨勬敮鎸?/o:p>

濡傚墠鎵€杩帮紝鐟炲吀缁忔祹鐨勮浆鍙樹笌鏀垮簻鏀跨瓥鐨勭浉鍏崇▼搴﹀悓涓庡皯鏁颁紒涓氬涓€鏍凤紝鍏崇郴瀵嗗垏銆傞櫎浜嗘暀鑲诧紝鍥藉鏀垮簻浠?span lang="EN-US">19涓栫邯70骞翠唬寮€濮嬭繍琛岄搧璺郴缁燂紝澶уぇ鏂逛究浜嗚濡傞搧鐭跨煶绛夊師鏉愭枡鐨勮繍杈擄紙涓庣叅鍙婄煶娌圭浉鍙嶏紝鐟炲吀閾佺熆鐭冲偍閲忎赴瀵岋級銆傚埌20涓栫邯40骞翠唬锛岀憺鍏稿姞寮轰簡瀵圭瀛﹀拰鎶€鏈殑鍥藉鏀寔鈥曗€曚妇渚嬫潵璇达紝1942骞存垚绔嬫妧鏈爺绌剁悊浜嬩細锛?span lang="EN-US">1946骞存垚绔嬩簡鍥藉绉戝鐞嗕簨浼氾紝鍔ㄥ姏涓昏鏉ヨ嚜绀句細姘戜富鍏氶鐩?span lang="EN-US">T.F.Erlander锛?span lang="EN-US">1946-69锛夛紝鏁欒偛閮ㄥ墠閮ㄩ暱銆?span lang="EN-US">1960骞达紝鐟炲吀鐨?span lang="EN-US">R&D鏀嚭鏄?span lang="EN-US">GDP鐨?span lang="EN-US">1.7锛咃紙褰撴椂鐨勬境澶у埄浜氭槸1.1锛咃級锛?span lang="EN-US">1987骞达紝宸茬粡澧為暱鍒颁簡鍑犺繎3.0锛?mdash;—OECD鎴愬憳鍥戒腑鏈€楂樻寚鏍囨暟涔嬩竴——婢冲ぇ鍒╀簹涓嬮檷鍒?span lang="EN-US">1.0锛咃紙Lowe,1987锛?span lang="EN-US">OECD,1989锛夈€?span lang="EN-US">

浼犵粺涓婏紝鐟炲吀浼佷笟鍜屾斂搴滀箣闂存湁鐫€绱у瘑鐨勫悎浣溿€備妇渚嬫潵璇达紝鍚堜綔鐮旂┒瀛︿細鍊惧悜闆嗕腑浜庢斂搴滄寚瀹氱殑浼樺厛棰嗗煙鐨勭爺绌讹紝鍦ㄨ繃鍘荤殑鍑犲勾涓紝杩欎簺棰嗗煙鍖呮嫭鐢靛瓙宸ヤ笟鍜岃绠楁満鎶€鏈€佽埅绌恒€佹柊鏉愭枡銆佸伐鑹鸿璁″拰鑳芥簮鎶€鏈€傚叾浠栧叧娉?span lang="EN-US">R&D鏀嚭鐨勬斂搴滄満鏋勫寘鎷浗瀹跺ぇ瀛﹀拰瀛﹂櫌鐞嗕簨浼氾紙鐟炲吀R&D鏀嚭鐨勫ぇ绾﹀洓鍒嗕箣涓€鏄楂樼瓑鏁欒偛閮ㄥ垎鎵ц锛夛紝鍏舵垚鍛樺寘鎷锤鏄撹仈鍚堜細鐨勪唬琛ㄥ拰鍏朵粬鏈夋潈鐩婄殑缁勭粐銆傜悊浜嬩細浠ュ锛岃繕鏈夊晢涓氬洟浣撲互鍙婃暀鑲插拰鐮旂┒鍥綋銆傜爺绌惰鍒掍笌鍗忚皟鐞嗕簨浼氬悎骞朵簡鏈潵鐮旂┒绉樹功澶勩€備笌婢冲ぇ鍒╀簹涓嶅悓锛岀瀛﹀拰鎶€鏈棶棰樼殑鍏ㄩ潰鍗忚皟璐d换鐢辨棦瀹氱殑浣滀负鐮旂┒鐞嗕簨浼氫富甯殑棣栫浉璐熻矗銆傛嵁1987骞翠竴涓?span lang="EN-US">OECE鑰冭瘎鍥㈣瘎娴嬶紝鐮旂┒鐞嗕簨浼氭槸涓€涓澃鍑虹殑鏀垮簻鏈烘瀯锛岀Н鏋佸煿鍏诲拰淇冭繘浜嗗熀纭€鐮旂┒鍜屽伐涓氫箣闂寸殑鍚堜綔锛屽鍥藉鍒╃泭鏈変竴涓崗璋冩瑙傜殑瑙嗛噹锛?span lang="EN-US">ASTEC,1989锛夈€?span lang="EN-US">

鐟炲吀妯″紡,寰堝ぇ鐨勫叕鍏遍儴鍒嗭紙鍦ㄧ憺鍏哥害鍗犲埌GDP鐨?span lang="EN-US">70锛咃紝婢冲ぇ鍒╀簹鏄ぇ绾?span lang="EN-US">30锛咃級涔熷湪鍚庢潵鍑虹幇浜嗐€?span lang="EN-US">20涓栫邯80骞翠唬鍚庢湡锛岃繖涓浗瀹剁殑缁忓父璐︽埛缁忓巻浜嗕竴涓┖鍓嶇殑琛伴€€鈥曗€曡櫧鐒跺湪1991骞村悗琚炕杞繃鏉ヤ簡锛屽綋鏃惰繘鍙i噺鐩告瘮鍑哄彛閲忥紝杩呴€熶笅璺屻€?span lang="EN-US">1992骞达紝闅忕潃娆ф床璇曞浘缁熶竴鍚勭娴侀€氬竵锛屽甫鏉ユ娲叉祦閫氬競鍦轰笂鐨勬尌鍙戞€э紝鏀垮簻琚揩閲囧彇绱ф€ョ粡娴庢墜娈佃浆绉诲厠鏈楃殑璐€笺€傝嚜浠?span lang="EN-US">20涓栫邯40骞翠唬鍚庝粠鏈秴鍑?span lang="EN-US">3锛呯殑澶变笟鐜囷紝寰堝揩涓婂崌鍒颁簡楂樿褰曟按骞筹紝杈惧埌6锛咃紙婢冲ぇ鍒╀簹璐㈡斂鍥為【锛?st1:chsdate w:st="on" year="1992" month="10" day="8" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False">1992骞?span lang="EN-US">10鏈?span lang="EN-US">8鏃?/st1:chsdate>锛夈€?/font>

 

鍐嶆彁娌冨皵娌冿細鐟炲吀鐨勯獎鍌诧紱灏卞儚鑺叞鐨勮鍩轰簹锛堝浠婃矁灏旀矁琚垜鍥芥皯钀ユ苯杞︿紒涓氬苟璐簡锛涚憺鍏稿皢鏉ュ浣曡娌冨皵娌冪殑鏁呬簨锛熷叧浜?ldquo;鑺?rdquo;锛屾湁涓€涓娉曪紝涓栫晫涓婃墍鏈夌殑鑺遍兘鏄憺鍏哥殑銆傦級

鐒惰€岋紝鐟炲吀闈㈠杩欎簺鍥伴毦鐨勫洖澶嶅姏鏄儕浜虹殑锛岃繖涓浗瀹舵槸涓€涓互鍒涙柊銆佺瀛︿负鍩虹锛屽嚭鍙e鍚戝埗閫犱笟缁忔祹鐨勭獊鍑轰緥瀛愩€?span lang="EN-US">1995骞达紝璐㈠瘜鏉傚織鎺掑悕娌冨皵娌冧负涓栫晫涓婃墿寮犳渶杩呴€熷ぇ鍏徃鐨勭鍗佷綅锛堟矁灏旀矁鏈熷垔锛?span lang="EN-US">1995-96骞村锛夈€傚鍚屾境澶у埄浜氬伐涓氱粡娴庡眬鐨勪竴浠芥姤鍛婏紙1987骞达級寮鸿皟鐨勶紝鐟炲吀鐨勬垚鍔熸鏃犵枒闂ぇ閮ㄥ垎褰掍簬锛屽畠鍦ㄦ棭鏈熷氨浠庡師鏉愭枡鍑哄彛杞悜浜嗗惈鏈夐珮鎶€鏈唴瀹归檮鍔犲€肩殑鍒堕€犱骇鍝佸嚭鍙c€傚拰杩愯緭璁惧涓€閬擄紝鐟炲吀鐨勫伐涓氬姏閲忕户缁緷璧栦簬搴旂敤鏂版妧鏈殑鑳藉姏浠ュ強鏇磋繘涓€姝ヨ皟鏁村拰鍙戝睍鐨勮兘鍔涖€傚墠闈㈠凡缁忚鍙婅€屼笖涔熺浉褰撻噸瑕佺殑鏄紝鐟炲吀闀挎湡瀛樺湪鐨勭ぞ浼氭皯涓绘剰璇嗗舰鎬侊細榧撳姳宸ュ巶鎵胯楂樻妧鑳芥爣鍑嗚鍗曪紝鎻村姪鐏垫椿鍒嗛厤浠诲姟鐨勭被浼?ldquo;鑷不鐮旂┒缇や綋”鐞嗗康鐨勬墽琛屻€傝繖绉嶆剰璇嗗凡缁忚绫讳技娌冨皵娌冭繖鏍风殑鍏徃鍦ㄨ繃鍘?span lang="EN-US">20骞村疄璺佃繃锛岀幇鍦ㄦ墠琚境澶у埄浜氶噰绾筹紙绂忕壒鏂伴椈锛?span lang="EN-US">1994骞?span lang="EN-US">5鏈堬級銆?span lang="EN-US">

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濉啓“绉戞櫘璋冩煡”缃戜笂闂嵎锛岃幏璧犮€婄瀛︽妧鏈笌绀句細瀵艰銆?/font>

璇峰弸鎯呮敮鎸佺鏅簨涓氾細 “绉戞妧宸ヤ綔鑰呬粠浜嬬鏅伐浣滅姸鍐佃皟鏌?rdquo;缃戜笂璋冩煡


鎮ㄥソ锛?br />
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闈炲父鎰熻阿鎮ㄧ殑鍚堜綔锛涚鎮ㄥ伐浣滄剦蹇紒


“绉戞妧宸ヤ綔鑰呬粠浜嬬鏅伐浣滅姸鍐佃皟鏌?rdquo;璇鹃缁?br />
鑱旂郴浜猴細鍒樺崥澹?liuli66@tsinghua.edu.cn锛涙煰濂冲+

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