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译文：
一、常用抽油泵存在的问题： 现在我国各油田使用的柱塞和泵筒间多以间隙密封为主。常用抽油泵存在的问题： 1、泵的防砂问题，通常使用的解决方法是：多在柱塞上加工环形切槽，为方便检修泵时冲砂，安装可拆出的固定阀，或在固定阀上加存砂槽。 2、耐磨问题，通常使用的解决方法是：泵筒用合金钢加特种热处理，再珩磨加工，或用45号钢碳氮共渗，再珩磨加工；柱塞用合金钢电镀硬铬，或喷焊耐磨合金，再磨削加工。 3、即使采取上述措施，泵的防砂和耐磨效果并不理想。究其原因是间隙密封造成微细砂粒随柱塞运动进入泵筒和柱塞间的间隙产生研磨作用，而随着使用周期的延长，磨损加重，泄漏加剧，直至报废。 二、防砂式无间隙密封抽油泵的研制技术： （一）、新研制的防砂式无间隙密封抽油泵成功地解决了抽油泵存在的上述问题，即用无间隙密封代替间隙密封;柱塞长度改短，只有间隙密封柱塞长度的一半；柱塞本体上安装改进的斯特槽可胀密封。中硬度耐磨胀圈和高硬度耐磨胀圈。这3种密封的组件均由耐磨、摩擦系数小、弹性好的材料经特种加工处理制成，可保证抽油泵从下井工作到检泵始终处于无间隙状态。以油砂混合液为工作介质(辽河油田原油，80目筛下的砂粒占5%)做井上模拟测试。在20MPa下，抽吸阻力只有157+20N，充满系数1，由此预计可提高泵效20%~50%。模拟试验中观察，3种密封的结构设计和组件的特种唇边设计，阻止了微细砂进入柱塞2泵筒摩擦副内。 因短柱塞本体上安装的3种密封有可胀性，故泵筒和柱塞本体的加工精度大大降低。测试时，柱塞运行速度1m/s，连续抽吸运转30d，泵筒无擦痕，磨损微量，表面均匀光亮。按此情况估算，井下作业情况恶劣时，泵的寿命可达到215~3a，而泵筒磨损均匀，不会象间隙密封那样产生偏磨或腰鼓状泵筒内表面。柱塞本体除安装了3种密封外，还有2个游动阀和1个特种造旋阀罩，本体上加工有防砂槽，会将侵入的细砂存入防砂槽内。模拟试验中，槽内有微量砂粒，柱塞本体上部的造旋阀罩和泵筒下部的造旋阀罩可借助柱塞的强大抽吸力为抽入泵内的原油造旋，将混入原油中的砂粒迅速抽排到泵外。由于柱塞短，在防冲距相同情况下，泵筒缩短700~800mm，检修泵时只需更换柱塞上的3种密封件，柱塞本体可多次使用。 （二）、研制技术要点： 1、油泵的无间隙密封和高泵效 柱塞上安装的3种可胀密封的合理结构、安置在柱塞上的位置、组成密封的零件材质选择、加工精度和加工工艺等是确保抽油泵在长期运行中始终保持无间隙、耐磨损、低摩擦系数和高效长寿命工作的关键。图1所示是各种密封和游动阀在柱塞上的位置。件2、3为中硬度密封胀圈;件4、5、6为改进的斯特槽密封;件7、8为高硬度硬质密封胀圈;件2有2件，用中硬度耐磨铸铁制成;件3用弹簧钢制成。安装时2个外环开口互错开180b，内环开口与外环开口错开90b，并用销钉将3个环固定，外环在自身胀力和内环胀力共同作用下，紧贴泵筒内表面运行，胀圈不但轴向密封好，而且径向密封也好，故阻止微细砂进入轴向摩擦副，也可阻止微细砂进入内环3的内部空隙中，不会阻碍胀圈运行中呼吸。件4、5、6为内部填充耐磨金属或非金属有机物制成，耐磨性好，摩擦系数小，结构本身可保证密封有一定的外胀性。为防止细砂等物质侵入密封内部，在件5和6的两侧加装了挡圈4，有效地阻止细砂等侵入密封体内部而影响张力。件7、8结构同件2、3中硬度耐磨胀圈，只是外环7采用特种合金钢热处理制成，其表面硬度小于泵筒内表面硬度，弹性好，耐磨性好，摩擦系数小，实现密封是其主要功能。这3种密封结构可保证对泵筒内壁有均匀的内胀力和可靠的径向轴间密封性能，保证抽吸真空度和高的充满系数，从而保证了高泵效。 2、主动防砂功能和长寿命 柱塞本体上安装的3种可胀密封和密封外环的特种唇边设计，阻止了细砂不能进入摩擦副内起研磨作用，大大减弱了柱塞和泵筒磨损，即不会减弱抽吸能力。从实际模拟运行看，以多道防砂为主的可胀密封起到了很好的防砂作用，运行1个月后柱塞本体上的环槽内仅有少量微粒砂，说明柱塞本体上开的防砂槽和本体自身均起到了防砂作用。3种密封的结构设计和在柱塞本体上的位置保证了抽油泵有很强的抽吸力和排油能力，进油出油流速高在固定阀罩和游动阀上部阀罩上开有造旋槽，见图2、图3，使进排油流呈强旋流状，细砂来不及沉积就被排出泵外。将阻止细砂进入运动副和将细砂迅速抽排到泵外可看做是主动防砂，防砂效果比现有的抽油泵上单纯防砂槽和存砂槽要好得多。从主动防砂效果和抽油运转中泵筒和柱塞间的低摩擦系数、高耐磨性和低抽吸阻力看，该泵在井下恶劣工况下具有长寿命。 3、合理的下井工艺 在开发研制新结构抽油泵的同时，试行了两种下井工艺。 (1)泵筒和柱塞分别下井，即泵筒随油管柱一起下井，柱塞随抽油杆柱下井。由于这种抽油泵柱塞下井有难度，建议采取2种办法:其一是将柱塞包容在一个专用护套内，护套有卡爪，当柱塞和护套下到泵筒的口部时，护套会自动卡在泵筒口部预设卡套内而固定，柱塞则可顺利地下到泵筒内。其二是用一种特殊的胶结剂将各道在全闭合(封好的胀圈外径小于柱塞本体外径)状态下封好，柱塞再随抽油杆柱下井，柱塞入泵筒后和普通泵一样调防冲距，因改进的斯特槽密封只是临时压型态，下井后会很快实现密封和阻砂功能。而其余各道密封在柱塞下入泵筒中2~7d内也全部打开。这种胶结剂在井内石油气和原油侵蚀下，失去部分胶结强度后，各道弹性密封胀圈受胀力作用被打开。 (2)用双卡脱接器和释放套连接抽油泵柱塞和泵筒。下井前，将脱接器下部和柱塞连接，下入锥形口的泵筒内，再接释放套和泵筒，释放套接油管柱一起下入井内，坐好井口后，再把脱接器上部和抽油杆柱连接下入油管，实现泵整体下井。检修泵时，可上提抽油杆柱到泵筒上部释放套部位，释放套迫使脱接器双卡收拢，使脱接器上体与下体脱节，实现提杆柱和提泵作业。

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原文：
First, common pump problems: China's oil fields now use the plunger and pump barrel to more than gaps between the main seal. Common pump problems: 1, pump sand problem, commonly used solution is to: processing of multi-ring on the plunger notch, to facilitate the maintenance of pumps sand, installing a fixed removable valve, or valve on the increase in fixed deposit sand tank. 2, wear problem, commonly used solution is: pump tube with steel Ghat species of heat treatment, re-honing, or carbonitriding steel 45, and then honing; plunger with steel hard chrome plating, or spraying wear-resistant alloy, and then grinding. 3, even though these measures, the pump sand and the wear not ideal. The reason is the gap caused by fine sand seal into the pump barrel with plunger motion and the gap between the plunger produces abrasive, and as life-cycle extension, increasing wear and tear, leakage increased, until retirement. Second, sand-free pump seal clearance Development Technology: (A), the newly developed sand-free clearance seal pump pump successfully resolved these problems existing in that place with no clearance seal gap seal; plunger to change the length of the short, only half the length of the plunger seal gap; column Install plug body can be improved Baptist expansion slot seal. In hardness and high hardness wear resistant ring expansion ring expansion. These three kinds of seals are wear-resistant components, low friction and elastic material is made through special processing can be guaranteed to go down to the pump seized from the pump is always in the state without gaps. Oil sand mixture as the working medium (Liaohe Oilfield, 80 mesh sand under 5%) did Inoue simulation tests. At 20MPa, the suction resistance of only 157 +20 N, filled with coefficient 1, this is expected to increase pump efficiency of 20% to 50%. Observed in simulation, three kinds of structural design and components sealed lips of special design to prevent the micro-fine sand into the plunger 2 within the pump barrel Friction. Because of the short plunger body 3 is installed there may be swelling of sealed, so the pump barrel and plunger body of the machining accuracy greatly reduced. Test, the plunger speed 1m / s, continuous suction operation 30d, pump tube without scratches, wear trace, even surface brightness. According to this scenario estimates, the poor underground operation, the pump's life span can reach 215 ~ 3a, while the pump tube wear uniform, do not arise as the gap closed as eccentric wear or drum-like surface of the pump barrel. In addition to the plunger body to install the three kinds of seals, there are two traveling valve and a special-made rotary valve cover, there is sand body on the processing tank, penetrated the sand will be deposited in sand tank. Simulation test, the tank with a little sand, made the top of the plunger body and the pump barrel rotary valve cover the lower part of the manufacturing spin valve cover can be a powerful suction force through the plunger into the pump for the pumping of crude oil made within the rotation, will be mixed with crude oil The sand quickly pumping capacity to pump outside. As the plunger a short distance in the same circumstances, erosion control, reducing pump barrel 700 ~ 800mm, repair pump just to replace the three kinds of piston seals, piston body can be used repeatedly. (B) to develop technical points: 1, pump seal without gaps and high pump efficiency Plunger 3 can be installed on the rational structure of inflation seal, placed in position on the plunger to form the sealed parts material selection, processing accuracy and processing techniques, to ensure that pump to maintain in the long run always seamless, abrasion , low friction coefficient and the key to effective long-life work. Figure 1 shows the various seals and traveling valve in the plunger position. 2,3 for the hardness of sealed documents in the expansion circle; parts 4,5,6 seal groove to improve the Baptist; parts 7-8 for the expansion of high hardness and hard seal ring; pieces of 2 to 2, with the hardness of cast iron made; piece 3 with a spring steel. Installation of two outer openings each staggered 180b, the inner and outer openings staggered opening 90b, and pin the three rings with a fixed, outer and inner expansion force in self-expansion force of working together, close to the surface of the pump cylinder run, inflation is not only the axial ring sealed, and the radial seal Ye Hao, it prevents micro-fine sand and into the axial friction pair, can also prevent the micro-fine sand and into the internal voids in the inner ring 3, the operation will not impede expansion ring breathing. Parts 4,5,6 for internal padding made of wear-resistant metal or non-metallic organic matter, good wear resistance, friction coefficient is small, the structure itself can guarantee a certain seal of the foreign expansion. To prevent the intrusion of fine sand and other substances within sealed in parts 5 and 6 installed on both sides of the ring 4, the effective seal to prevent sand and other intrusive bodies affecting the internal tension. 2,3 parts 7,8 parts in the structure of the hardness with wear ring expansion, only the outer ring 7 is made by special alloy steel heat treatment, the surface hardness is less than the pump cylinder surface hardness, good elasticity, good wear resistance, friction coefficient small, to achieve sealing of its main functions. These three kinds of sealing structure can ensure that the inner wall of the pump barrel within a uniform expansion force and the radial axis sealing reliable performance, ensuring high-suction vacuum and the full coefficient, thus ensuring a high pump efficiency. 2, active sand features and long life Plunger body may be installed on three kinds of sealing and expansion of special outer lips sealed design prevents sand can not enter inside the abrasive friction pairs, which greatly weakened the plunger and pump barrel wear, that will not weaken aspiration capacity. From the actual simulation run to see, to sand-based multi-channel expansion seal can be a very good sand play the role of running a month after the ring on the plunger body only a few particles of sand trough, indicating the plunger body on the open sand trough and the body itself has played a role in sand. Three kinds of sealed structural design and location on the body in the plunger pump to ensure a strong suction power and drain the oil capacity, oil flow into the oil out of high fixed valve cover and swimming in the upper valve cast valve opening are made Spin slots, see Figure 2, Figure 3, so that the oil flow into the row was strongly swirling shape, no time to deposition of fine sand was discharged from the pump outside. Will prevent sand movement into the vice and the sand pumping capacity to pump quickly be seen as active outside the sand, sand better than the existing pump sand on the tank and keep a simple sand box much better. Effects and from the active sand pumping operation in the pump barrel and plunger between the low friction coefficient, high wear resistance and low suction resistance of view, poor condition of the pump in the mine with long life. 3, a reasonable go down process Develop new structures in the pump at the same time, two to go down the pilot process. (1) downhole pump barrel and plunger, respectively, which together pump tube with the tubing string downhole, with the sucker rod string downhole plunger. As the plunger go down this difficult, it is recommended to take two kinds of approaches: one is to accommodate the plunger in a special jacket, the jacket has jaws, when the pump plunger and sheath down to the mouth tube , the jacket will be automatically stuck in the pump barrel mouth default card kit and fixed, can be smoothly ground to the pump plunger barrel. The second is a special bond with the Road Agent will be in full closed (sealed expansion ring outside diameter less than diameter of the plunger body) state seal, with the sucker rod string and then go down the plunger, the plunger into the After the pump barrel and pump the same as rotating the impulse from the ordinary because of the improved Baptist slot only temporary pressure seal forms, go down soon after the sand to achieve sealing and resistance functions. The Road and the remaining under seal in the plunger into the pump barrel 2 ~ 7d are also all open. This cementing agent in the erosion of the well gas and crude oil, the loss of part of the bond strength, all of the Road elastic sealing ring expansion was opened by the expansion force. (2) off with a two-card connector and the release of sets of connecting plunger and pump barrel. Go down before the connector off the bottom and the piston connected to the mouth of the pump down into the conical tube, and were followed by the release of sets and the pump barrel, with the next release socket into the well tubing string, sit after the wellhead, then take off device to connect the upper and lower rod string into the tubing to achieve the overall downhole pump. Maintenance of pumps, it can put on the pump rod string to the release of sets of parts of the upper tube, to force the release of sets of pairs of cards Shoulong off connector, so that the upper body and lower body off connector out of line, raise the pole and raised to achieve pump operation.