一.无人称
例一:The two cooling drums are elevated above the spent catalyst hoppers. After cooling catalyst to 52℃, all the diesel cooling oil remaining in the drum is drained back to the diesel oil surge drum through the screen cone, provided at the bottom of the vessels. Cooling drums can be put under nitrogen pressure up to about 350kPa(G), to assist the draining of all free oil from the washed spent catalyst. Two cooling drums, one for each reactor are provided to cool the 1st stage and 2nd stage reactor catalyst. Separate cooling drums also allow ample time for complete draining of free oil from the catalyst. The spent catalyst should be free of oil, before disposal.
[两个冷却罐的安装位置都比废催化剂料斗高。经过冷却催化剂的温度降到52℃,所有罐底留存的冷却柴油经过锥型过滤器过滤后排放到位于容器底部的柴油缓冲罐。可以用氮气对冷却罐加压至350千帕(表压)来排净附着在冲洗过的废催化剂上的游离油。两个反应器各配有一个冷却罐,分别用于冷却一级和二级反应器中的催化剂。两个分开设置的冷却罐保证有充分的时间来xx排净催化剂上附着的游离油。废催化剂在重新处理之前应该是无油的。]
从以上例句中没有一个带人称的句子(后面的例子大多也是如此)。但这也并非{jd1},例如在一些设备和装置的操作说明中,为了强调操作工的人为动作和行为,有时也要特指一下,加上人称代词。但总的说来这种情况较少,不到万不得已科技文章的作者通常会避免使用人称以反映科技事物的客观性和自然性。
二.语气正式
例二:
Dr. Canas: Good morning Mr. Cui. Good to see you again.
卡纳斯博士:早上好,崔先生。很高兴再次见到你。
Mr. Cui: Morning, Good to see you.
崔先生:早,很高兴见到你。
Dr. Canas: How’s the trip?卡纳斯博士:路上怎么样?
Mr. Cui: Not bad, just a little bit tied.
崔先生:还行,就是稍微有点累。
Dr. Canas: Want Coffee or Tea?
卡纳斯博士:来点咖啡还是茶?
Mr. Cui: Tea, hot please.
崔先生:来点茶吧,热的。
Dr. Canas: Your tea.
卡纳斯博士:你的茶。
Mr. Cui: Thanks.
崔先生:谢谢。
Dr. Canas: Sure. Shall we start the discussion?
卡纳斯博士:不客气。可以开始了吗?
Mr. Cui: Yes, please.
崔先生:行,开始吧。
Dr. Canas: Well. As regards the erosion problem you mentioned in
your email. First of all, I am very sorry for the trouble brought
to you by the serious erosion inside the elbow, which was abnormal
and unexpected. However, we have made a complete investigation and
analysis. I think we have identified the causes. The most probable
cause of the erosion is the too high speed of the fluid with the
entrained metal particles.
卡纳斯博士:好。就您电子邮件中提到的冲蚀问题。首先,我们对由于弯头内部严重的冲蚀给贵方带来的麻烦表示歉意,这确实不正常并且出乎预料。然而,经过我们完整的调查和分析,我想我们已经找到了问题的原因。最可能的原因就是过高的流体速度,而且流体中还夹带有金属颗粒。
从上面的例子可以看出,卡纳斯博士和崔先生在会前的寒暄中用非正式的语气,而且用词非常简单和口语化。但当讨论开始并涉及到专业问题时,语气立即发生改变,用词和句式都很正式,表述严谨、完整,体现了科技人员在处理工作严肃、认真的工作态度。
三.陈述客观、准确
例三:Liquid from Hot Low Pressure Separator, V-107, constitutes most of the fractionator feed and this stream is sent to the atmospheric fractionator through a feed heater. A filtering system is provided to remove any entrained catalyst fines from the hot liquid prior to atmospheric fractionation.
[来自热低压分离器V-107的液体是构成分馏塔进料的主要成分,这股物流经过进料加热炉加热后送入常压分馏塔。在常压分馏装置前面设置一个分馏系统以除去高温液体中夹带的催化剂粉末。]
四.语言规范
科技文章语言规范,主要表现为语法的规范性。这一点与文学作品有很大不同。科技文章语法之所以规范,是因为其描述客观事物必须准确无误这一要求决定的。这里主要谈一下科技文章语法的规范特征。
下面将举两个例子加以比较,从中我们将看到科技语体与文学等语体在语言规范性上的差别。
例四:Oil sand is composed of sand, bitumen, mineral rich clays and water. Bitumen, in its raw state, is a black oil — as thick as molasses. It requires upgrading to make it transportable by pipeline and usable by conventional refineries. The upgraded bitumen product consists of naphtha, light and heavy gas oils that are combined to produce a light crude oil that we call Syncrude Blend.
Water makes up about four percent of the oil sand by weight. It surrounds each grain of sand, keeping it separate from the oil. Without this water envelope, the oil and the sand could not be separated by the water-based extraction methods we now use.
[油砂由砂子、沥青、富含矿物质的黏土和水组成。自然状态下的沥青是一种粘稠度类似糖浆的黑色油状物。沥青要经过提质加工后才能通过管道输送并被常规的炼油厂炼制。经过提质加工的沥青产品中含有石脑油、轻油和重质腊油,经过混合可以制成一种轻质原油,我们称之为“混合合成原油”。
水约占油砂总重量的百分之四。水包覆着砂土颗粒使砂粒和油分开。如果没有水的包覆,油和砂子就不能通过人们现在使用的水基萃取法进行分离。]
例五:Red color coming up, sky brightening. Lower camera six inches, adjust tripod legs. Still not there. A foot more to the left. Adjust legs again. Level camera on tripod head. Set lens to f/8. Estimate depth of field, maximize it via hyperfocal technique. Screw in cable release on shutter button. Sun 40 percent above the horizon, old paint on the bridge turning a warm red, just what he wanted.
Light meter out of left breast pocket. Check it at f/8. One-second exposure, but the Kodachrome would hold well fro that extreme. Look through the viewfinder. Fine-tune leveling camera. He pushed the plunger of the shutter release and waited for a second to pass.
[天空中出现了红色的霞光,渐渐亮了起来。他把相机降低六英寸。调整三脚架。还是不到位。在向左移一英尺。再次调整三脚架。将三脚架顶上的照相机调至水平。光圈调至f/8。估计景深,并用超焦法将其调至{zd0}。将快门线拧在快门按钮上。现在,太阳已有三分之二露出地平线,廊桥上的旧漆在阳光下呈现出暗红色。这正是他所需要的。
罗伯特从右胸中掏出曝光仪,调至f/8光圈处测量曝光时间。需要曝光一秒钟。柯达·柯罗姆彩卷xx可以达到这一极限。从取景器瞧瞧。相机处{zj0}位置。他按下快门线,等待一秒钟过去。]
在上面这个例子中,绝大多数是不规范和不完整的句子。尽管语法不规范,但表达生动,富有艺术感染力。该例句中的这种语言不规范现象在文学作品中十分普遍。并且多是作家特意写就,甚至是可以雕琢的。从某种意义上讲,可以将其看作是一种修辞手法或写作风格。
从上面两个例句的比较中,可以看出科技文章和文学作品在语言规范性上的鲜明对比。
五.专业性强
例六:It is possible to prove that as the number of tosses of a coin is increased indefinitely, or “to infinity”, so the binomial distribution becomes identical with the normal distribution. For each kind of random event there is an underlying distribution. The normal or Gaussian distribution is very important because it arises very often in practice and also because it is very important in theory. Many distributions like binomial tend to become more and more liked the normal as the numbers of events or the size of the sample increases.
[可以证明,当掷币次数无限增加或趋向于无穷大时,二项分布将趋于正态分布。对于每一个随机事件来说,它们都有一个基础分布。正态分布或称高斯分布非常重要,因为它经常发生在实践当中,并且在理论上也十分重要。许多分布,如二项分布,随事件数量或样本大小增加而愈来愈趋向于正态分布。]
很显然,上面这段文章中专业术语很密集。其实在前面所举的其它科技文章例子中也可以看到大量的专业术语。像这样的情况,译者必须在目标语言中找到对应的专业词汇并保证前后一致。
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