译文：
在某五星级宾馆1000m3/d直饮水工程中所用的中空纤维式超滤膜，其外径约1mm，内孔约0.7?mm，过滤时原水从纤维内孔流过，在压力作用下，净水透过膜微孔，汇集在一起成超滤液从过滤器侧口流出，中空纤维膜不需要任何支撑结构，用其组成的过滤设备结构简单，设备费用低，按照装置体积和膜面积的比值计算，中空纤维式超滤膜设备的处理水量要比平板膜高20倍。 该工程中采用的处理工艺流程为： 自来水→原水池→砂滤→活性炭→软化→精滤→清水池→客房。其中砂滤可以将水中大部分悬浮、固形物去除掉(出水SS可达2 mg/L；采用5μm精度的缠绕滤芯可以使出水SS达0.1mg/L，污染指数FI值可达3～5)；活性炭与钠离子软化树脂可降低水中余氯、有机物及二价钙、镁等离子的含量，从而提高水的口感。 本系统共用超滤设备两台，每台设备用超滤器36支，这36支超滤器又被分为A、B两组，每组18支。在设备运转中根据产水量变化，调整设定各工艺过程的时间，适时进行等压清洗和与膜正常工作时的逆向反洗。逆向反洗非常有效，但反洗用水的水质必须是超滤水。为此，在设计反洗流程时，或用A组超滤器的产出水洗B组超滤器，或者用B组超滤器的产出水洗A组超滤器；超滤设备中所用超滤器外形尺寸为90mm×1000mm，内装有中空纤维超滤膜2000根左右，膜面积约为4m2，膜材料为聚偏氟乙烯，该材料化学性能稳定，尤其是其耐污染性能好于常用的PS、PAN等膜材料，是新型净化水的过滤介质用材。 中空纤维超滤膜虽然有许多优点，但实际应用中还有很多问题要解决，否则其使用效果，尤其是膜的使用寿命将受很大影响，其中关键问题是膜的清洗恢复问题，此问题涉及清洗时机、清洗方式、清洗剂等几个方面。将自来水进一步净化为直饮水，且要求24h内水量稳定，保证不间断供应，这对关键设备——超滤提出了很高要求。为解决此问题，在超滤设备上采用了自行设计制作的“微电脑气动隔膜阀自动超滤设备”，该设备在清洗时机、清洗方式和清洗用水等方面实现了自动化。 1、自动超滤设备 微电脑与气动隔膜阀结合，采用大规模集成电路微控器89C51为核心的控制芯片，以气动阀体为执行机构，以中空纤维超滤膜组件为控制对象，实现了工作、等压清洗、反冲洗和化学清洗的自动过程。自动超滤不但可以减轻劳动负荷，提高操作可靠性，防止因操作失误造成的膜损伤，更主要的是可以适时地进行不同方式的清洗，避免了膜因长时间工作造成的不可逆污染和堵塞，大大延长了膜的使用寿命，操作者可直接通过键盘设置“制水→等压冲洗→反洗→化学清洗”各程序时间，控制系统由单片机主板、键盘显示板、电源板、强电板和电磁气动阀组成，首先由微电脑通过I/O接口及固态继电器(SSR)实现对电磁气动阀的逻辑控制，再由电磁气动阀实现对执行机构的气动隔膜阀控制。 2、气动隔膜阀 气动隔膜阀是自动超滤装置中起关键作用的执行机构，要求可靠、灵活。气动隔膜阀不同于一般的手动阀，它以气体压力为驱动力，其结构分为上下两部分，上部为压缩空气室，下部与一般液体隔膜阀相同，气室充气后，胶碗形变，气体压力推动连杆与定位托，将隔膜阀胶垫压下，此时完成关闭阀门动作。当压缩空气压力骤减时，在水流压力和胶碗形变恢复力共同作用下隔膜阀胶垫恢复原状，此时阀门打开。隔膜只有全开、全闭两个动作，开关灵活方便，按设置流程程序，接受电脑指令后完成开合动作。阀体全部采用ABS工程塑料注塑，其机械性能、化学性能和耐热性均好，对水质无污染，阀中胶垫、胶碗均选用优质橡胶，内用帘子线增强，因此耐疲劳强度高。 3、环保节能、水利用率提高 膜过滤的特点之一，就是过滤液在膜表面高速横向流动，水中杂质不易在膜表面停留(随原水流走)，因此超滤膜不易污染。但是，这会造成水的大量流失，一般在自来水的超滤工艺过程中，水的利用率{zg}可达90%，有10%的水要排掉，而这约10%的水经过砂滤、活性炭、软化、精滤等多道工序处理后水质已相当好，为此在设计中增设了回用系统，使水的回收率增加到98.7%，只在设备自动清洗时，排放1.3%洗用水。正常工作时，回流水(或称浓缩水)回到在精滤与超滤之间的旁路侧设置的中间水罐内，让其不断地随精滤水重新补加到超滤设备中去。 4、推广应用 在以超滤为核心技术的水处理工程中，砂滤、活性炭、软化、精滤等多种水处理工艺与超滤相结合，使产水水质性能指标达到设计要求，xx总数＜50个/mL，总大肠菌群数＜3个/L(感官性状、一般化学指标、毒理指标从略)。整套系统已运行一年，经考核及测试表明，设备运转正常，自控系统满足工艺要求。 设备中自行设计制作的超滤器、国内率先研制出的微电脑控制系统及气动隔膜阀性能稳定，可以在大型工程中进一步推广应用。

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原文：
In a five-star hotel 1000m3 / d direct drinking water projects used in the hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane, its diameter is about 1mm, the hole is about 0.7? Mm, filtration of raw water flow from the fiber inside the hole, under pressure, the net of water through the membrane porous, brought together into the ultrafiltrate outflow from the filter side of mouth, hollow fiber membrane does not require any support structure, with its simple structure, consisting of filtration equipment, facilities and low cost, in accordance with unit volume and the ratio of membrane area calculation, hollow fiber type ultrafiltration membrane water treatment equipment, 20 times higher than the flat membrane. The project used in the treatment process as follows: The original pond water → → → Sand Filter Activated Carbon Filtration → → → soften the clean water tank → room. In which most of the sand filter can be suspended in water, to remove solids (SS water up to 2 mg / L; using 5μm precision wound filter effluent SS could be up to 0.1mg / L, pollution index FI values of up to 3 ~ 5); activated carbon and sodium ions in water softening resins can reduce the residual chlorine, organic matter and the divalent calcium and magnesium ions, thereby enhancing the taste of water. The system share two ultrafiltration devices, each device with the ultra-filter 36, which has 36 ultra-filter were divided into A, B two groups of 18. In the device operation, in accordance with changes in production of water, adjust the process to set the time, such as pressure washing a timely manner and with membrane normal working hours of the reverse backwashing. Reverse Backwash very effective, but the backwash water quality must be the ultrafiltration of water. To this end, in the design of anti-washing process, or with the A group of ultra-filter the output of washed B group of ultra-filter, or ultra-filter with the output of B Group A group of ultra-washed filters; ultrafiltration device used in the external dimensions of ultra-filter 90mm × 1000mm, built with hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane around 2000, the membrane area is about 4m2, membrane material polyvinylidene fluoride, the material chemical stability, in particular its resistance to pollution performance is better than commonly used PS, PAN and other membrane materials, is a new water purification filter media timber. Hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane Although there are many advantages, but there are still many problems in practical applications to be solved, otherwise the effect of its use, especially the membrane life will be greatly affected, where the key issue is the rehabilitation of membrane cleaning, the problem involved in cleaning time, cleaning methods, cleaning agents a few. To further purify the water for direct drinking water, and within 24h of water stability required to ensure the uninterrupted supply of this critical equipment - UF has placed enormous demands. To resolve this problem, in the ultrafiltration device produced using self-designed "micro-computer automatic ultrafiltration equipment, pneumatic diaphragm valves", the device in the cleaning time, cleaning method and cleaning water, etc. automated. 1, automatic ultrafiltration equipment Microcomputer with the combination of pneumatic diaphragm valves, using large scale integrated circuit microcontroller 89C51 as the core control chip to pneumatic valve as the executing agency, to hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane modules for the control of the object to achieve the work, such as pressure cleaning, backwashing and chemical cleaning of the automatic process. Automatic ultrafiltration will reduce the work load, improve operational reliability, and prevent the membrane damage caused by wrong operation, more important is that it can in a timely manner to various forms of clean, avoid the film because of long working hours caused irreversible pollution and congestion, significantly extend the life of the membrane, the operator can be directly through the keyboard settings "such as pressure water → wash → rinse → anti-chemical cleaning" all process time, the control system consists of microcontroller board, keyboard display board, power board, strong panels and pneumatic solenoid valves composed of, first of all by the microcomputer through the I / O interfaces and solid-state relay (SSR) to achieve the logic of the electromagnetic pneumatic valve control, pneumatic solenoid valve by the implementing agencies to realize control of pneumatic diaphragm valves. 2, pneumatic diaphragm valves Pneumatic Diaphragm Valve is automatically ultrafiltration devices play a key role in implementing agencies, demand reliable and flexible. Pneumatic Diaphragm Valve is different from ordinary manual valve, which gas pressure is the driving force, its structure is divided into upper and lower two parts, the upper part of the compressed air chamber, the lower part of the same general liquid diaphragm valves, gas chamber inflated, the plastic bowl change, gas pressure to promote linkage and positioning care, will Diaphragm Valves pad depressed, this time to complete closure of the valve action. When the compressed air pressure drop when the flow stress and plastic bowl under the action of changing the resilience of the common diaphragm valves pad to restore the status quo ante, this time the valve opens. Membrane is only fully open, fully closed two moves, switching flexibility, according to set workflow procedures, acceptance of computer instructions to complete the opening and closing movements. ABS engineering plastic injection valve used in all of its mechanical properties, chemical properties and heat resistance are good, the water quality pollution-free, valve pad, plastic bowls are all made of high-quality rubber, which increased with the cord, so a high resistance to fatigue . 3, environmental protection, energy conservation, water utilization to improve One of the characteristics of membrane filtration is the filtration surface of high-speed fluid in the membrane lateral mobility, water and impurities in the membrane surface is not easy to stay (with the original water flow to go), so that ultrafiltration is not easy contamination. However, this would result in huge loss of water, generally in tap water by ultrafiltration process, water use efficiency up to 90%, 10% of the water to row away, which is about 10% of the water through sand filters, activated carbon, softening, fine filtration processes such as multi-channel water quality after treatment has been quite good, for in the design of the addition of the recycling system that allows the water to increase the recovery rate of 98.7%, only self-cleaning device, the emission of 1.3% in wash water . Normal working hours, back to water (or condensed water) to return to fine filtration and ultrafiltration bypass between the side of the middle of the tank set up within the allowed continuous treatment with the intensive re-added to the ultrafiltration device to complement . 4, popularization and application In a UF as the core technology of water treatment works, sand filter, activated carbon, softening, and other fine filter ultrafiltration water treatment process and combine to make water quality performance products to meet the design requirements, total number of bacteria "50 / mL, total coliforms number "3 / L (sensory traits, general chemical indicators, toxicological indicators omitted). The entire system has been running for one year, after evaluation and testing indicate that the equipment in normal operation, automatic control system to meet the technological requirements. Equipment designed and manufactured their own ultra-filter, the first in China developed the micro-computer control system and Pneumatic Diaphragm Valve performance is stable, you can further promote the use of large-scale projects. gr