2010年考研英语{jd1}考场{zh1}五套题三答案(1)_文都网校_新浪博客

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  Section I Use of English

  1.C2.A3.B4.D5.A6.B7.C8.D9.D10.C

  11.A12.B13.B14.C15.A16.D17.A18.B19.C20.D

  Section II Reading Comprehension

  Part A

  Text 121.A22.C23.C24.A25.D

  Text 226.D27.B28.A29.B30.B

  Text 331.C32.B33.D34.C35.C

  Text 436.C37.C38.C39.D40.B

  Part B

  41.E42.A43.D44.G45.F

  Part C

  46.因此,语言被视为人类心理活动的一部分,是一种以交流为主要功能的特殊“行为”。

  47.当某人被禁止做某事时,我们可以推断他是通过观察理解了这一禁令,才不去做那件事情的。

  48.一旦我们承认对语言行为的研究会涉及对观察不到的东西的描述和解释,事情就会变得更为复杂,因为我们必须假定在我们说话和理解时,有某些特定的过程和某些内在的机制在起作用。

  49.那么,根据这一观点,对语言的研究可以认为是对人的思维的某些特定的属性、过程和状态的研究,其外在表现为可以观察到的行为,即我们为了使用语言进行交际而必须“掌握”的东西。

  50.因而,这种把语言作为个体现象来研究的方法,其主要任务是解释我们是如何习得语言的,解释语言与人类整体认知体系的联系,解释促成语言理解及运用的心理机制。

  Section III Writing

  51.见精讲

  52.见精讲

  Section I Use of English

  With the increasing pace of economic globalization and competition among various countries in the market, information, technology, professionals,capital and other types of economic resources is becoming increasingly evident. International (1)competition is becoming progressively (2)fiercer . Previously (3)scattered competition among enterprises in different countries is growing gradually into competition among governments that finds expression_r_r in a concentrated form. Previous (4)unitary contention for enterprises’ interests in the world market now evidences itself in the contention for (5)national interests. In this new situation, to (6)maximize national interests and to enable a country to be constantly in a favorable position in the international market, the most important thing is to have a highly (7)efficient government that (8)enjoys the full trust of citizens.

  The basic objective of the study of the “government administration” is to (9)enhance the competitive edge of a government in the international market, to (10)improve the efficiency and quality of government administrative behaviors, and to enhance the skills and the efficiency of government policy operations. The evident (11)difference between government administration and enterprise management lies in the fact (12)that the former is a macroactivity and represents the overall national interests. Considering this from the (13)angle of the theory of behavioral efficiency function, the degree of the efficiency and quality of government administrative behaviors and the standard of the skills and the efficiency of government policy operations have a direct (14)bearing on the amount of national interests and the degree of security and happiness of its people. Thus, to (15)uplift the level of overall national interests requires a highly efficient enterprise management and a highquality enterprise group with significant core competitiveness. More importantly, it requires highly efficient government administration and the government’s international competitiveness to have a (16)notable advantage. For China, a country that is still in the (17)phase of “shift in the mode of growth” and “transformation in the system”, the fundamental (18)approach to turn this objective into a (19)reality is to make innovations in government administration.

  So, against the (20)dual backgrounds of economic globalization and the domestic economic transformation, how should we make innovations in government administration? I think many things can be done in this regard. Yet the most important thing is to effect the change of the concept, functions, forms and the institution of government administration.

  1. [A] information[B] identification[C] competition[D] imagination

  2. [A] fiercer[B] easier[C] crueler[D] cruder

  3. [A] concentrated[B] scattered[C] complicated[D] concerned

  4. [A] unique[B] universal[C] united[D] unitary

  5. [A] national[B] international[C] internal[D] external

  6. [A] generalize[B] maximize[C] mobilize[D] moralize

  7. [A] sufficient[B] deficient[C] efficient[D] inefficient

  8. [A] pants[B] curves[C] dazzles[D] enjoys

  9. [A] array[B] contrive[C] corrode[D] enhance

  10. [A] impress[B] prove[C] improve[D] preach

  11. [A] difference[B] indifference[C] fluence[D] influence

  12. [A] which[B] that[C] what[D] who

  13. [A] cradle[B] angle[C] eagle[D] stable

  14. [A] hearing[B] sharing[C] bearing[D] caring

  15. [A] uplift[B] maintain[C] draw[D] reach

  16. [A] manageable[B] liable[C] movable[D] notable

  17. [A] phase[B] phrase[C] pulse[D] impulse

  18. [A] impurity[B] approach[C] obstacle[D] shriek

  19. [A] locality[B] publicity[C] reality[D] dynasty

  20. [A] durable[B] due[C] dull[D] dual

  1.【答案】C

  【解析】“International competition… progressively fiercer.”意为:“国际竞争变得越来越残酷。”本题考查四个以tion结尾的名词的词义。[A]information(信息,资料),[B] identification(认明,确认),[D]imagination(想象,想象力)均不符合文意。[C] competition (竞争,比赛) {zfh}文意,为正确答案。

  2.【答案】A

  【解析】本题考查四个形容词比较级的词义。[A]fiercer(残酷的,凶猛的),[B]easier(容易的),[C]crueller(残忍的,冷酷的),[D]cruder(粗制的,粗鲁的)。[A]fiercer符合文意,为正确答案。

  3.【答案】B

  【解析】“Previously…in a concentrated form.”意为:“以前各国企业之间分散的竞争逐渐变成政府之间的竞争。这种竞争以集中的形式表现。”本题考查四个以ed结尾,由过去分词构成的形容词的词义。[A] concentrated(集中的,浓缩的),[B]scattered(分散的),[C] complicated(错综的,复杂的),[D] concerned(担心的,挂念的)。根据上下文意,[B]为{zj0}选择,为正确答案。

  4. 【答案】D

  【解析】“Previous…interests.”这句话的意思是:“以前单一为企业在世界市场上的利益而竞争的行为。现在证实在为国家的利益而竞争。”本题对四个词义的考查是:[A] unique ({dywe}的),[B] universal (全体的), [C]united (联合的) 均不符合文意。[D] unitary (单一的, 统一的) 符合文意,为正确答案。

  5.【答案】A

  【解析】本题还是考查四个形容词的词义。[B]international(国际的),[C] internal(内部的,国内的),[D]external(外部的,外国的)均不符合文意。[A] national (国家的,民族的) 正符合文意,为正确答案。

  6.【答案】B

  【解析】“In this new situation…the full trust of citizens.”这句话的意思是“在这种形势下,为了{zd0}地增加国家利益,为了能使一个国家在国际市场上始终如一地处于有利的位置,最重要的是要有一个赢得公民信任的高效率的政府。”本题仍是考查四个干扰性很强选项的词义。[A]generalize(概括,归纳),[C] mobilize(动员),[D] moralize(训导,教化)均不与interests搭配。[B] maximize (增加至{zd0}) 符合文意,为正确答案。

  7.【答案】C

  【解析】 该题考查四个有干扰的形容词。[A] sufficient(足够的),[B] deficient(缺乏的,不足的)与文意不符,[D] inefficient (无效率的) 是[C] efficient(效率高的)反义词。从文章的内容来看,当然[C]为{zj0}选择。

  8.【答案】D

  【解析】该题考查四个动词的词义。[A] pants (喘气,喘息) ,[B] curves (弯曲), [C] dazzles (耀眼,使眼花缭乱) 均文不达意,与the trust不搭配。[D] enjoys (享有) 为{zj0}选择。

  9.【答案】D

  【解析】“The basic objective…policy operations.”意为“研究政府行政管理的基本目的就是要提高一个政府在国际市场上的竞争能力,改进政府行政管理举措的效率和质量,提高政府政策运作的技巧和效率。”本题考查对四个动词的选择。[A]array(部署,列阵),[B]contrive(设计,发明),[C]corrode(腐蚀,侵蚀)均不与the competitive edge搭配,且文不达意。[D] enhance (提高) 为正确答案。

  10.【答案】C

  【解析】这是对四个动词选择的考查。[A]impress(使印象深刻),[B] prove(证明),[D] preach(传教,讲道)均不符合文意。[C]improve(增进,改善)正好与文意相符,[C]为正确答案。

  11.【答案】A

  【解析】“The evident…the overall national interests.”意为:“政府行政和企业管理之间的明显区别在于以下事实:前者是一项大规模行动,且代表整个国家的利益。”本题考查四个名词的词义。[B] indifference (不关心,冷淡) ,[C] fluence (神秘的影响), [D]influence (影响) 均与文意不符。[A]difference between…是正确的搭配,表示“……之间的区别”。[A]为正确答案。

  12.【答案】B

  【解析】in the fact that…为同位语从句,that连接句子,不作句中成分,如:They marvel at the fact that China did it all on its own. (所有这些是中国靠自己做的,这个事实使他们感到惊讶。)因此[A]which,[C]what,[D] who均是错误的,[B]为正确答案。

  13.【答案】B

  【解析】“Considering this from…and happiness of its people.”意为:“从行为效率作用理论的角度来考虑这一情况,效率的程度、政府行政管理行为的质量、政府政策运作的技能和效率标准都与国家利益的多少及其人们的安全与愉快的程度有直接的关系。”本题考查四个以le为结尾的名词与介词from的搭配和词义。[A]cradle(婴儿的摇篮,发源地),[C] eagle(鹰),[D] stable(马厩,畜舍)均不与from搭配,且与文意不符。[B] angle (角度,观点) 与from搭配,正合文意,[B]为正确答案。

  14.【答案】C

  【解析】本题have a/no bearing on…是一常用的词组搭配,如:What you have said has no bearing on the subject under consideration. (你所说的与正在考虑的主题没有关系。)[A] hearing(听觉,听力),[B]sharing(分享,合用),[D] caring(关心)均是错误的,[C]为正确答案。

  15.【答案】A

  【解析】“Thus, to uplift…significant core competitiveness.”意为:“因此,提高整个国家利益就需要高效率的企业管理和高质量的、重要核心部分具有竞争力的企业集团。”本题考查四个动词的词义。[A]uplift(提升,提高),[B] maintain(维持,保持),[C] draw(拉,拖),[D] reach(伸手,到,达)。[A] uplift{zfh}文意,为正确答案。

  16.【答案】D

  【解析】“More importantly,it requires…advantage.”意为:“更重要的是,它需要高效率的政府的行政管理和政府的国际竞争能力以便有显著的优势。”本题考查以able结尾的四个形容词选择项的词义。[A]manageable(可管理的,可应付的),[B]liable(易于……的,易害的),[C]movable(活动的,可移动的)均不合文意。[D] notable (显著的,优越的) 与文意相符,为正确答案。

  17.【答案】A

  【解析】“For China,a country…in government administration.”意为:“对中国来说,一个仍处于发展模式变动、体系变化阶段的国家(这种变化是最基本的步骤,以便把这一目标变为现实)要在政府行政管理方面进行革新。”本题考查四个名词的词义。[A]phase(时期,阶段),[B]phrase(用语,词组),[C]pulse(脉搏),[D] impulse(冲动,刺激)。[B]、[C]和[D]都是错误的,只有[A]符合文意,[A]为正确答案。

  18.【答案】B

  【解析】本题考查四个名词的词义。[A] impurity(杂质,不纯),[B]approach(接近,步骤),[C]obstacle(障碍,阻碍),[D] shriek(尖叫声)。[A]、[C]和[D]均是错误的,[B]符合文意,[B]为正确答案。

  19.【答案】C

  【解析】turn…into a reality(把……变为现实)是一常用词组。[A]locality(地区),[B]publicity(公众注意,宣传),[D]dynasty(王朝,朝代)均不符合文意。[C]reality(现实)与文意相符,[C]为正确答案。

  20.【答案】D

  【解析】“So, against…in government administration?”这句话的意思是:“相对于经济全球化和本国经济变化的这种双重背景,我们在政府行政管理方面应如何革新?”本考查四个形容词的词义。[A] durable (持久的),[B] due (应给的, 欠的充分的), [C] dull (不鲜明的) 均不符合文意。[D] dual (双重的) 与文意相符,为正确答案。

  随着经济全球化进程的加快,国际市场上各国对信息、技术、人才、资本以及其他经济资源的争夺日益明显。国际竞争日益激烈。以往竞争只零零散散地存在于不同国家的个别企业之间,现在竞争逐渐变为政府间的竞争,这种竞争集中表现为某种特定的形式。以往国际市场上那种追求个体利益的企业行为现在已变为对国家利益间的竞争。在这种新形势下,为了使国家利益{zd0}化,同时使国家在国际竞争中一直处于优势地位,最重要的就是必须拥有一个全民信赖的高效率的政府。

  “政府管理”学的基本目标就是要提升政府在国际市场上的竞争力,提高政府管理行为的效率和质量,提高政府在决策方面的技巧和效率。政府管理和企业经营之间最明显的区别在于前者是宏观行为,代表整个国家的利益。从行为效率功能的角度来看,政府管理行为的效率和质量以及政府在决策的技巧和效率方面的标准化程度对于国家的利益和人民的幸福安康有直接影响。因此,为了提高全民利益,企业必须拥有高效的管理和一直具备核心竞争力的企业队伍。更重要的是,国家必须拥有高效的政府管理和强有力的国际竞争力。对中国这样仍处在“经济增长模式转变”和“体制转型期”的国家,要实现这些转变的根本方法就是要促进政府机构的改革和创新。

  面临经济全球化和国内经济转型的双重背景,我们要如何促进政府部门的创新呢?我认为我们有很多事可以做。然而,我认为最重要的是要促进政府部门在观念、功能、形式和机制方面的创新。

  Section II Reading Comprehension

  Part A

  Text 1

  Virtually everything astronomers know about objects outside the solar system is based on the detection of photonsquanta of electromagnetic radiation. (21)Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe even traversing substantial aggregations of matter without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. (25)Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe.

  But how can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter? Twentyfive years passed between Pauli’s hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nucleon’s reacting with a neutrino. In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles.

  Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the seawater itself, when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors. (22)The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other highenergy particles raining down through the atmosphere.

  The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will exploit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to Xrays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies quasars and pulsars. Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. (21)Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.

  radiationn. 辐射

  permeatev. 弥漫,渗透,普及

  aggregationn. 集合,聚合,集合体

  telescopen. 望远镜;v. 缩短,压缩

  shieldn. 盾,防卫物;v. 保护,遮蔽

  motivationn. 动机

  visiblea. 可见的,看得见的

  Photonsquanta 光量子

  Neutrinon. 微中子

  Deflectv.(使)偏斜,(使)偏转

  apparatusn.器具

  harnessv.利用(能源)

  galaxies quass 银河系恒星群

  electromagnetica.电磁的

  negligiblea.可以忽略的,不予重视的

  hypothesisn.假想,假设

  nucleonn.核子

  gamma ray伽马射线

  21.【答案】A

  【解析】中心主旨题。本题是就段首处提问。本文主要论述中微子可能带给宇宙学的新发现,尤其应注意{dy}段第二句(yet后面的内容往往是文章的主题所在),同时文章{zh1}一句也是本文的主题总结,注意will一词,暗含这是一个新的学科。选项中只有[A]中的Threshold有“开端,起始”的意思,{zfh}文意。

  22.【答案】C

  【解析】判断题。答题关键在于文章第三段{zh1}一句“The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of…”,这句中的“shield from”正是选项[C]中not be affected的同义表达,所以选[C]。[A]与the detecting medium is the seawater itself不符,[B]中astronomer与文章第三段开头即指出的DUMAND方案是由天体物理学家提出的不符,[D]中the most过于{jd1}。

  23.【答案】C

  【解析】判断题。本题是就段尾处提问。文章首段末尾主题句明确指出作者对中微子天文学的乐观态度及其对天文学的积极意义。所以,[C]“中微子天文学有望带来天文学的重大突破”为正确选项。

  24.【答案】A

  【解析】细节事实题。本题是就结尾段提问。文章末段提到了一系列的天文发现,末句又指出中微子天文学也会有自己的贡献。所以,[A]“中微子天文学的潜在发现可以被看做一系列天文学成功的一部分”正确。

  25.【答案】D

  【解析】细节事实题。本题是就段尾处提问。相关内容在首段末句:…neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production…这与[D]“携带着自身形成过程的信息”相符。

  宇航员对于太阳系以外的物体的了解几乎都是通过光子勘测得到的。光子即电磁辐射量子。然而在宇宙间还漫布着另外一种辐射,那就是中微子。中微子,顾名思义,不带电荷,重量也可忽略不计,因此它很少和其他粒子发生作用,可以在整个宇宙间自由穿梭。它甚至可以穿过物质的聚集态而不被吸收,甚至运行方向都不会改变。在光和其他种类的电磁辐射被物质阻挡住的地方,中微子都可以自由地通过。另外,中微子上都携带着它产生那一刻的地点和环境信息,因此,对宇宙中中微子的勘测可以使我们认识更广泛的宇宙现象,了解更多的宇宙历史信息。

  但是对于这样一种与其他物质接触甚少的物质,科学家要怎样才能勘测到它呢?从鲍利首次假设中微子的存在到实实在在勘测到它,中间度过了漫长的25年的时间。自此之后,几乎所有有关中微子的实验中使用的中微子都是在大型粒子加速器中人工制成的,并且拿到中微子显微镜下进行研究。要想制成能够观测到宇宙中中微子的中微子天文望远镜却很难实现。要想检测到中微子,探测器必须足够大,因为质量很大就意味着有大量的核子(中子和质子),而其中某个核子与中微子反应的可能也就越大。并且,探测器还要能够防其他粒子的干扰。

  幸运的是,一群天体物理学家已经提出了一种通过利用广袤的大海来探测宇宙中中微子的方法。这个代号为DUMAND(深海μ介子和中微子探测仪)的项目会在海底五公里深处放置一排光敏感元件。探测的媒介就是海水本身:当一个中微子与海水中的微粒发生作用的时候,结果会放出大量的带电电荷以及光束,这些都可以被光敏感元件探测到。光敏感元件上方五公里的海水可以用来屏蔽从空气中落下的大量高能粒子的干扰。

  开展DUMAND计划的最强有力的动机在于要充分利用宇宙中的重要信息源。天文学上的重大发展,从可见光到无线电波,从X光到伽马射线,最终都导致了特殊物质的发现,如射电星系、类星体、电波球体等等。每一次这样的发现都是一个巨大的惊喜。中微子天文学无疑也将给我们带来一份惊喜。

  Text 2

  People have good reason to care about the welfare of animals.Ever since the Enlightenment,their treatment has been seen as a measure of mankind’s humanity.It is no coincidence that William Wilberforce and Sir Thomas Foxwell Buxton,two leaders of the movement to abolish the slave trade,helped found the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the 1820s.An increasing number of people go further:mankind has a duty not to cause pain to animals that have the capacity to suffer.Both views have led people gradually to extend treatment once reserved for mankind to other species.

  (26)But when everyday lives are measured against such principles,they are fraught with contradictions.Those who would never dream of caging their cats and dogs guzzle bacon and eggs from ghastly factory farms.The abattoir and the cattle truck are secret places safely hidden from the meat eater’s gaze and the child’s story book.(27)Plenty of people who denounce the furtrade(much of which is from farmed animals)quite happily wear leather (also from farmed animals).

  Perhaps the inconsistency is understandable.After hundreds of years of thinking about it,people cannot agree on a system of rights for each other,so the ground is bound to get shakier still when animals are included.The trouble is that confusion and contradiction open the way to the extremist.(28)And because scientific research is remote from most people’s lives, it is particularly vulnerable to their campaigns.

  (29)In fact,science should be the last target,wherever you draw the boundaries of animal welfare.For one thing,there is rarely an alternative to using animals in research.If there were,scientists would grasp it,because animal research is expensive and encircled by regulations.Animal research is also for higher purpose than a full belly or an elegant outfit.(30)The world needs new medicines and surgical procedures just as it needs the unknowable fruits of pure research.

  And science is,by and large,kind to its animals.The couple of million (mainly rats and mice)that die in Britain’s laboratories are far better lookedafter and far more humanely killed than the billion or so(mainly chickens)on Britain’s farms.Indeed,if Darley Oaks makes up its loss of guinea pigs with turkeys or dairy cows,you can be fairly sure animal welfare in Britain has just taken a step backwards.

  enlightenmentn. 教化,启蒙

  coincidencea. 同时发生的;n. 巧合

  fraughta. 充满的,含有……的,充满……的,伴着……的

  contradictionn. 反驳,矛盾

  cagingn. 制动(笼框)

  baconn. 咸肉,熏肉

  ghastlya. 可怕的,惊人的,惨白的;ad. 恐怖地,惨白地

  abattoirn. 屠宰场,角斗场

  denouncev. 告发,谴责,公然抨击,指责

  inconsistencyn. 不一致,不调和,矛盾

  shakya. 不稳固的,摇晃的,震动的,动摇的

  vulnerablea. 易受伤害的,易受攻击的,有弱点的,易损的,脆弱的

  26.【答案】D

  【解析】判断题。本题的答案信息来源在第二段首句,尤其是该句中的转折词“but”(但是)。一般而言,如果英语原文第二段首句含有转折词(例如:but,however,yet,nevertheless等),这表明{dy}段的功能一般是“为第二段的深入讨论进行相关信息的铺垫”或者“与第二段所陈述的信息进行对立对比”。由此可知本题的正确选项是[D]“provide background knowledge for the discussion to be expanded”,为接下来展开的讨论提供背景知识。

  27.【答案】B

  【解析】细节事实题。该题的答案信息在第二段的{dy}句和尾句。{dy}句概括:人们的日常生活充满矛盾;尾句对{dy}句的概括进行具体解释和阐述:谴责皮毛贸易的人们却穿着皮衣。可见本题的正确选项是[B]“the people who condemn the furtrade but merrily wear leather”,指责皮毛贸易却身穿皮革的人们。

  28.【答案】A

  【解析】推理题。本题的答案信息来源在第三段尾句,该句是一个因果关系句。其大意是:“因为科学研究远离大多数人的日常生活,所以科学研究特别受到指责和攻击。”由此可以推断本题的正确选项是[A]“the public’s ignorance of scientific research results in attacks on science”,公众对于科学研究缺乏知识导致对于科学研究的指责和攻击。

  29.【答案】B

  【解析】判断题。定位在第四段的首句,该句的大意是:“实际上,无论人们对动物权利做出何种界定,科学应该是最不应受到指责和攻击”。由此可以推断本文作者可能会认同[B]选项的内容,即 “Science does not deserve to be the target of protests,whatever you think of animal rights”,科学不应成为指责的目标,无论人们对动物权利抱有何种想法或观点。

  30.【答案】B

  【解析】细节事实题。定位在第四段的尾句,该句中的“just as”所表达的恰恰是一种“比较”。第四段尾句的作用是对第四段倒数第二句进行进一步的具体解释和说明。因此,第四段尾句中含有的比较结构是来具体说明解释“动物研究的目的是一个更高的目的”,Animal research is for a higher purpose,因此本题的正确选项是[B]“elaborate a higher purpose of animal research”,阐述动物研究的更高目的。

  人们有充分的理由关心动物的福利。自从启蒙运动开始,如何对待动物已经被视为对人性的一种考察。在十九世纪二十年代,威廉·威尔伯福斯和托马斯·弗克斯威尔·波克斯顿爵士为建立皇家动物保护协会出谋划策,这两位同时是废奴运动的领导人,这一点并不是个巧合。越来越多的人在保护动物方面走得更远,他们认为:对于有能力承受痛苦的动物,人们有责任不给他们造成任何痛苦。这些观点使得人们逐渐和其他物种一起分享以前人类独享的待遇。

  但是就当人们拿这些原则来约束日常生活的时候,许多自相矛盾的做法也纷纷出现。那些无论如何也不会把自己养的猫和狗关在笼子里的人却在天天大口啃食着从暗无天日的养殖场运过来的熏肉和鸡蛋。养殖场和运牛车被藏在隐秘的角落,远离吃肉的人的注视和孩子们的童话书。很多斥责毛皮行业的人(多是养殖动物身上的毛)却心安理得地穿着皮革(也多是养殖动物身上的皮)。

  也许这些言行不一的做法是可以被理解的。经历了上百年对这个问题的思索之后,人们对于这一套权利体系仍然众说纷纭,所以观点难免变得不那么鲜明,但是无论如何,动物还是被包括在权利保护体系中的。问题是这些混乱不清和自相矛盾的说法给极端主义者们以可乘之机。科学研究远离大众的生活,因此极端主义者经常将矛头指向科学研究。

  事实上,无论有关动物福利的标准如何界定,科学研究都不应该成为众矢之的。首先,研究上除了使用动物,几乎没有其他替代办法。如果有的话,科学家们肯定会抓住它,因为用动物做研究价格昂贵而且被很多法规限制着。另外,比起那些只是为了填饱肚子或者用大象皮做衣服的人来说,科学研究的目的是崇高的多了。世界需要新的药和新的手术步骤,就好像世界需要那些纯研究的高深成果一样。

  而且,总体上来说,科学研究还是善待动物的。比起上亿死在英国农场里的动物(主要是鸡),上百万死在英国实验室里的动物(主要是老鼠)受到的照顾要好得多,死的方式也人性化得多。的确,如果说达利橡树农场可以用火鸡和奶牛来弥补豚鼠的损失的话,那么英国在动物福利保护方面真是向后倒退了一步。

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