酸碱盐之间的反应_GYKST电的空间_百度空间

   1,酸盐:生成顽固性沉淀(BaSO4,AgCl,CuS,Hg2S,CaF2)的反应,或强酸制弱酸,高沸点酸制低沸点酸 。      CaCO3+2HCl========CaCl2+CO2↑+H2O(实验室制CO2,强酸制弱酸)
                        AgNO3+HCl=======AgCl↓+HNO3                                                                          NaAlO2+HCl+H2O=========NaCl+Al(OH)3↓强酸制弱酸                                                                     Ca3(PO4)2+3H2SO4=======3CaSO4 +2H3PO4                                                                NaCl+H2SO4===加热=====NaHSO4+HCl↑         NaI+H3PO4====加热====NaH2PO4 +HI↑               

2,碱盐:生成较弱碱
3NaOH+FeCl3=========Fe(OH)3↓+3NaCl
Ca(OH)2 +2NH4Cl==加热===CaCl2+2NH3↑+2H2O (铵盐氮肥与碱反应)                                    Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl==================2NH3.H2O + MgCl2                                          

3,盐盐:可溶性盐之间可以生成沉淀的反应
        2NaOH+CuCl2=========2NaCl+Cu(OH)2↓
   Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2=========2NaOH+CaCO3↓
      BaCl2+(NH4)2SO4=====2NH4Cl+BaSO4↓

4,5,6酸与碱,酸与氧化物,碱与氧化物:
       反应中都有一个共同特征-----生成H2O。
          H2SO4+Ba(OH)2==========BaSO4↓+2H2O
          Fe2O3+6HCl=========2FeCl3+3H2O
          2NaOH+SO2==========Na2SO3+H2O
          2NaOH+SO3==========Na2SO4+H2O

   Al2O3 +2NaOH==============2NaAlO2 +H2O     SiO2 +4HF =========SiF4↑ +2H2O

氧化还原反应: MnO2+4HCl(浓)====△===MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O                                                                     2Fe(OH)3+6HI============2FeI2 +6H2O +I2

7,8,9:金属与酸或可溶性盐或碱:
      金属与可溶性盐反应物不能是K,Ca,Na
金属与可溶性盐反应可能考的金属活动顺序表:
           Mg>Al>Zn>Fe>(H)>Cu>Ag(其它不考)
              2AgNO3+Cu=========Cu(NO3)2 +2Ag
               3CuSO4+2Al========Al2(SO4)3 +3Cu
      置换反应金属与酸反应中的酸不能是H2CO3,稀浓HNO3,浓H2SO4,但是金属可以是K,Ca,Na。置换出(氢),生成(氢气)。K,Ca,Na可以和冷水反应生成强碱和氢气(与盐反应优先与水反应),Mg和热水反应生成中强碱和氢气,Fe与水蒸气高温反应生成Fe3O4和H2 。
   2Na+2HCl==========2NaCl+H2↑
   Fe+2HCl==========FeCl2+H2↑(不要写生成FeCl3)                                                               Cu+2HCl========不反应                                                                                                    Mg+2H2O=========△=========Mg(OH)2+ H2↑                                       2Na+2H2O=============2NaOH+H2↑                                                                                       3Fe+4H2O(g)====高温=======Fe3O4 +4H2

   氧化还原反应:                                                                                                                               

Cu+2H2SO4====加热==CuSO4+SO2↑+2H2O                                                                                  Cu+4HNO3(浓)==========Cu(NO3)+2NO2↑+2H2O                                                                3Cu+8HNO3(稀)==========3Cu(NO3)+2NO↑+4H2O    

   金属与碱的反应只有两性金属与强碱的反应

     2NaOH+2H2O+2Al=============2NaAlO2+3H2↑    

10,11,12非金属单质与酸,碱,盐反应

非金属单质与酸反应生成稳定物,大多是置换反应                                                                                                                                          Si+4HF========SiF4↑+2H2↑                                                                                                 Si+3H2O=====加热====== H2SiO3 +2H2↑                                                                                          H2SeO4 +S==========H2SO4 +Se                                                                            2H2O+2F2============4HF +O2            H2O (g)+F2========HOF(次氟酸,氧元素0价) +HF

               非金属单质与碱反应,大多发生歧化                                                   Cl2+NaOH========NaClO +NaCl                                                                                             3Cl2+6NaOH====加热========NaClO3+5NaCl+3H2O                                                  6KOH+3S=============2K2S +K2SO3+ 3H2O

            非金属单质与盐反应非金属性强者与金属原子结合,但在含氧酸盐中反应后的新含氧酸盐氧化性较弱。

          Cl2+2KI============2KCl+I2(碘化钾淀粉试纸测氯气)                                                               4FeS2 +11O2======高温=====2Fe2O3 +8SO2                                                                     2KClO3+I2 ======加热====== 2KIO3+Cl2↑(固固加热制氯气法)       



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