译文：
如何解决的密封问题不可忽视，因为阀门的跑、冒、滴、漏现象，绝大部分发生在这里。下面我们将讨论阀门的动密封、静密封的问题。 1、动密封 阀门的动密封，主要是指阀杆密封。不让阀内介质随阀杆运动而泄漏，是阀门动密封的中心课题。 1)填料函形式 目前，阀门动密封，以填料函为主。填料函的基本形式是： (1)压盖式 这是用得最多的形式。 同一形式又能许多细节区别。例如，从压紧螺栓来说，可分T形螺栓(用于压力≤16公斤/平方厘米的低压阀门)、双头螺栓和活节螺栓等。从压盖来说，可分整体式和组合式。 (2)压紧螺母式 这种形式，外形尺寸小，但压紧力受限制，只使用于小阀门。 2)填料 填料函内，以填料与阀杆直接接触并充满填料函，阻止介质外漏。对填料有以下要求： (1)密封性好； (2)耐腐蚀； (3)磨擦系数小； (4)适应介质温度和压力。 常用填料有： (1)石棉盘根：石棉盘根，耐温和耐腐蚀性能都很好，但单独使用时，密封效果不佳，所以总是浸渍或附加其他材料。油浸石棉盘根：它的基本结构形式有两种，一种是扭制，另一种是编结。又可分圆形和方形。 (2)聚四氟乙烯编织盘根：将聚四氟乙烯细带编织为盘根，有极好的耐腐蚀性能，又可用于深冷介质。 (3)橡胶O形圈：在低压状态下，密封效果良好。使用温度受限制，如xx橡胶只能用于60℃。 (4)塑料成型填料：一般做成三件式，也可做成其他形状。所用塑料以聚四氟乙烯为多，也有采用尼龙66和尼龙1010的。 此外，使用单位根据自己的需要，常常探索各种有效的填料形式。例如，在250℃蒸气阀门中，用石棉盘根和铅圈交替迭合，漏汽情况就会减轻；有的阀门，介质经常变换，如以石棉盘根和聚四氟乙烯生料带共同使用，密封效果便好些。为减轻对阀杆的磨擦，有的场合，可以加二硫化钼(M0S2)或其他润滑剂。 目前，对新颖填料，正进行着探索。例如用聚丙烯腈纤维经聚四氟乙烯乳液浸渍，又经预氧化后，在模具中烧结压制，可以得到密封性能优异的成型填料；又如用不锈钢薄片与石棉制成波形填料，可耐高温、高压与腐蚀。 3)波纹管密封 随着化学工业和原子能工业的迅速发展，易燃、易爆、剧毒和带放射性的物质增多，对阀门密封有了更严格的要求，有的场合已无法使用填料密封，因此产生了新的密封形式－波纹管密封。这种密封不需填料，所以也叫无填料密封。 波纹管的两端，与别的零件焊死的。当阀杆升降时，波纹管伸缩，只要波纹管本身不漏，介质便无法泄出。为保险起见，往往采用波纹管与填料的双重密封。 2、静密封 静密封通常是指两个静止面之间的密封。密封办法主要是使用垫圈。 1)垫圈材料 (1)非金属材料：如纸、麻、牛皮、石棉制品、塑料、橡胶等。 纸、麻、牛皮之类，有毛细孔，易渗透，使用时须浸渍油、蜡或其他防渗透材料。一般阀门很少采用。 石棉制品，又有石棉带、绳、板和石棉橡胶板等。其中石棉橡胶板结构致密，耐压性能好，耐温性能也很好，在阀门本身和阀门与管子的法兰连接中，使用极为广泛。 塑料制品，有很好的耐腐蚀性能，使用也较普遍。品种有聚乙烯、聚丙烯、软聚氯乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、尼龙66、尼龙1010等。 橡胶制品，质地柔软，各种橡胶分别有一定耐酸、耐碱、耐油、耐海水的能力。品种有xx橡胶、丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、氯丁橡胶、异丁橡胶、聚氨酯橡胶、氟橡胶等。 (2)金属材料：一般地说，金属材料强度高，耐温性能强。但铅并不这样，仅取它耐稀硫酸的特性。常用品种有黄铜、紫铜、铝、低碳钢、不锈钢、蒙乃尔合金、银、镍等。 (3)复合材料：例如金属包皮(内部石棉)垫圈、组合波形垫圈、缠绕垫圈等。 2)常用垫圈性能 使用阀门时，往往根据具体情况，更换原带垫圈。常有垫圈有：橡胶平垫圈、橡胶O形圈、塑料平垫圈、聚四氟乙烯包垫圈、石棉橡胶垫圈、金属平垫圈、金属异形垫圈、金属包皮垫圈、波形垫圈、缠绕垫圈等。 (1)橡胶平垫圈：变形容易，压紧时不费力，但耐压、耐温能力都较差，只用于压力低、温度不高的地方。xx橡胶有一定耐酸碱性能，使用温度不宜超过60℃；氯丁橡胶也能耐某些酸碱，使用温度80℃；丁腈橡胶耐油，可用至80℃；氟橡胶耐腐蚀性能很好，耐温性能也比一般橡胶强，可在150℃介质中使用。 (2)橡胶O形垫圈：断面形状是正圆，有一定的自紧作用，密封效果比平垫圈好，压紧力更小。 (3)塑料平垫圈：塑料的{zd0}特点是耐腐蚀性好,大部分塑料耐温性能不好。聚四氟乙烯为塑料之冠，不但耐腐蚀性能优异，而且耐温范围比较宽阔，可在-180℃～+200℃之内长期使用。 (4)聚四氟乙烯包垫圈：为了充分发挥聚四氟乙烯的优点，同时弥补它弹性较差的缺点，做成聚四氟乙烯包裹橡胶或石棉橡胶的垫圈。这样，既同聚四氟乙烯平垫圈一样耐腐蚀，又有良好的弹性，增强密封效果，减小压紧力。其断面形状如图4-20所示。 (5)石棉橡胶垫圈：由石棉橡胶板剪成。它的组分是60～80%的石棉和10～20%的橡胶，以及填充剂、硫化剂等。它有很好的耐热性、耐冷性、化学稳定性，而且货源丰富，价格便宜。使用时，压紧力不必很大。由于它能粘附金属，所以{zh0}表面涂一层石墨粉，以免拆卸时费劲。 石棉橡胶板有四种颜色：灰色，用于低压(牌号XB-200，耐压≤16公斤/平方厘米，耐温200℃)；红色，用于中压(牌号XB-350，耐压可达40公斤/平方厘米，耐温350℃)；紫红色，用于高压(牌号XB-450，耐压100公斤/平方厘米耐温450℃)；绿色，用于油类，耐压性能也很好。 (6)金属平热圈：铅，耐温100℃；铝430℃；铜315℃；低碳钢550℃；银650℃；镍810℃；蒙乃尔(镍铜)合金810℃，不锈钢870℃。其中铅耐压能力较差，铝可耐64公斤/平方厘米，其他材料可耐高压。 (7)金属异性垫圈： 透镜垫圈：有自紧作用，使用于高压阀门。 椭圆形垫圈：也属于高压自紧垫圈。 锥面双垫圈：用于高压内自紧密封。 此外，还有方形、菱形、三角形、齿形、燕尾形、B形、C形等，一般只在高中压阀门中使用。 (8)金属包皮垫圈：金属既有良好的耐温耐压性能，又有良好的弹性。包皮材料有铝、铜、低碳钢、不锈钢、蒙乃尔合金等。里面填充材料有石棉、聚四氟乙烯、玻璃纤维等。 (9)波形垫圈：具有压紧力小，密封效果好的特点。常采用金属与非金属组合的形式。 (10)缠绕垫圈：是把很薄的金属带和非金属带紧贴在一起，缠绕成多层的圆形，断面呈波浪状，有很好的弹性和密封性。金属带可用08钢、0Cr13、1Cr13、2Cr13、1Cr18Ni9Ti、铜、铝、钛、蒙乃尔合金等制作。非金属带材料有石棉、聚四氟乙烯等。 以上，讲述密封垫圈性能时，列举了一些数字。必须说明，这些数字跟法兰形式、介质情况和安装修理技术等有密切的关系，有时可以超过，有时达不到，而且耐压和耐温性能，也是互相转化的，例如温度高了，耐压能力往往降低，这些细微的问题，只能在实践中体会。 3)新材料和新技术 以上介绍的密封垫圈还很不全面，况且密封技术正处于迅猛发展中。下面举例介绍几项新材料和新技术。 (1)液体密封：随着高分子有机合成工业的迅猛发展，近年出现了液态密封胶，使用于静密封；这项新技术，通常叫做液体密封。液体密封的原理，是利用液态密封胶的粘附性、流动性和单分子膜效应(越薄的膜自然回复倾向越大)，在适当压力下，使它象垫圈一样地起作用。所以对使用着的密封胶，也叫做液体垫圈。 (2)聚四氟乙烯生料密封：聚四氟乙烯也是高分子有机化合物，它在烧结成制品之前，叫做生料，质地柔软，也有单分子膜效应。用生料做成的带叫生料带，可以卷成盘长期保存。使用时能自由成形，任意接头，只要一有压力，便形成一个均匀地起着密封作用的环形膜。作为阀门中阀体与阀盖间的垫圈，可在不取出阀瓣或闸板的情况下，撬开一缝隙，塞进生料带去就行了。压紧力小，不粘手，也不粘法兰面，更换十分方便。对于榫槽法兰最适宜。聚四氟乙烯生料，还可做成管形和棒状，作密封用。 (3)金属空心O形圈：弹性好，压紧力小，有自紧作用，可选用多种金属材料，从而在低温、高温和强腐蚀性介质中都能适应。 (4)石墨板密封圈：在人们印象中，石墨是脆性物质，缺乏弹性和韧性，但经过特殊处理的石墨，却是质地柔软，弹性良好。这样，石墨的耐热性能和化学稳定性，便可以在垫圈材料中得以显示；而且这种垫圈压紧力小，密封效果异常优越。这种石墨还能做成带，跟金属带配合，组成性能优异的缠绕垫圈。石墨板密封圈和石墨----金属缠绕垫圈的出现，是高温抗腐蚀密封的重大突破。这类垫圈，国外已经大量生产和使用。

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原文：
How to solve the sealing problem can not be ignored, because the valve run, risk, dripping, and drain phenomenon, the vast majority took place here. Here we will discuss the dynamic sealing valve and static sealing problems. 1, dynamic seal Dynamic seal valve, mainly refers to the stem seal. With the valve stem to prevent movement within the media leak, is the central subject of dynamic seal valve. 1) Fill the form letter At present, the dynamic seal valve to the main stuffing. Stuffing the basic form is: (1) gland-type This is the most used form. The same form can distinguish many details. For example, from the clamping bolt, the bolt can be divided into T-shaped (for the pressure of ≤ 16 kg / square centimeter of the low-pressure valve), double-headed bolts and bolts of living sections. Speaking from the gland can be divided into integral and modular. (2) compacting Nut This form, shape, small size, but the clamping force is restricted to use only in small valves. 2) Fill Stuffing in order to fill in direct contact with the valve stem, and filled with stuffing to prevent media leakage. On the filler has the following requirements: (1), sealing well; (2) corrosion resistance; (3) The friction coefficient is small; (4) to adapt to medium temperature and pressure. Common fillers include: (1) packing Asbestos: asbestos packing, heat and corrosion resistance are good, but when used alone, sealing results are poor, it is always impregnated or additional other materials. Oil asbestos packing: its basic structure, there are two, one is a twisted system, the other one is knitting. Also can be divided into round and square. (2) PTFE braided packing: The packing of PTFE thin braided belt, has an excellent corrosion resistance, but also for deep-cold medium. (3) Rubber O-ring: In the low state, a good sealing effect. Temperature subject to limitations, such as natural rubber can be used only 60 ℃. (4) plastic molding packing: General made three-piece, but also can be made into other shapes. PTFE is used in plastics in many, there are nylon 66 and nylon 1010. In addition, the use of units according to their own needs, often to explore an effective form of packing. For example, in 250 ℃ steam valve, the use of asbestos and lead-lap alternately Diego packing together, the situation would reduce the steam leakage; some valves, media constantly changing, such as asbestos packing and PTFE THREAD SEAL TAPE common use, sealing effect will be better. To reduce the friction between stem, and some occasions, can be added molybdenum disulfide (M0S2), or other lubricants. Currently, new fillers, are engaged in exploration. Such as using polyacrylonitrile fiber impregnated by PTFE emulsion, but also by the pre-oxidation, in the mold sintering suppression, can be sealed-performance molding filler; Another example is made of stainless steel sheets with asbestos filler waveform can be high temperature , high pressure and corrosion. 3) Bellows Seal As the chemical industry and the rapid development of the atomic energy industry, flammable, explosive, poisonous and radioactive substances has increased, the valve seal with the more stringent requirements on some occasions, can not use the packing seal, resulting in a new Seal form - bellows seal. Such seals do not need filler, so it is called non-positive seal packing. Bellows at both ends, with other parts welded to die. When the valve stem movements, the corrugated tube flexible, as long as the bellows itself does not leak, media can not escape. For insurance purposes, often using a double bellows seal with the filler. 2, static seal Static sealing usually refers to the seal between two stationary surfaces. Mainly by the use of sealed gasket. 1) Gasket Materials (1) non-metallic materials: such as paper, linen, leather, asbestos products, plastics, rubber and so on. Paper, hemp, leather and the like, there are pores, easy penetration, use to be dipping oil, wax, or other impermeable material. General valves seldom used. Asbestos products, there are asbestos tape, rope, boards, and asbestos-rubber board. Asbestos rubber sheet in which the structure compact, good pressure resistance, heat resistance is also very good, in the valve itself and the valve and the pipe flange connection, the use of very extensive. Plastic products, have a good corrosion resistance, use was also more common. Varieties of polyethylene, polypropylene, soft PVC, PTFE, nylon 66, nylon 1010 and so on. Rubber products, soft, all kinds of rubber were some acid, alkali, oil, water-resistant capability. Varieties of natural rubber, SBR, nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber, isobutyl rubber, polyurethane rubber, fluorine rubber. (2) Metal Material: Generally speaking, metal materials, high strength, heat resistance strong. But the lead is not so, just take it resistant to dilute sulfuric acid characteristics. Common varieties are brass, copper, aluminum, low carbon steel, stainless steel, Monel alloy, silver, and nickel. (3) Composite materials: such as metal foreskin (internal asbestos) washers, combination waveform gaskets, washers and other entangled. 2) The performance of commonly used washers The use of valves, often depending on the circumstances, the replacement of the original with a gasket. Often washers are: rubber flat washers, rubber O-rings, plastic flat washers, PTFE gasket package, asbestos rubber gasket, metal flat washers, metal shaped washer, metal washer foreskin, waveform gaskets, washers and other entangled. (1) Rubber Flat Washers: deformed easily pressed without effort, but the pressure, heat capacity are poor, only for low pressure and temperature is not high places. Performance of natural rubber have a certain acid and alkali, using the temperature should not exceed 60 ℃; chloroprene rubber is also capability of certain acid-base, using the temperature 80 ℃; nitrile rubber oil, available to 80 ℃; fluorine rubber can be a very good corrosion resistance, temperature performance is also stronger than the average rubber can be used in media at 150 ℃. (2) Rubber O-ring: cross-section shape is a perfect circle, there is a certain degree of self-energizing effect, seal better than flat washer is good, clamping force smaller. (3) plastic flat washer: The biggest characteristic of plastic corrosion resistance is good, most of the poor heat resistance plastic. PTFE as the plastic of the highest, not only excellent corrosion resistance, but relatively wide temperature range can be -180 ℃ ~ +200 ℃ within the long-term use. (4) PTFE gasket package: In order to give full play to the advantages of PTFE, while addressing the shortcomings of its less flexible, made of Teflon wrapped rubber or asbestos rubber gasket. In this way, both with the same corrosion-resistant PTFE flat gasket, and good flexibility, to enhance sealing effect, reducing the clamping force. Its cross-sectional shape as shown in Figure 4-20. (5) Asbestos rubber gaskets: asbestos rubber sheet cut. Its composition is 60 ~ 80% of the asbestos and 10 ~ 20% of the rubber, as well as fillers, curing agents. It has good heat resistance, cold resistance, chemical stability, and the supply of abundant and cheap. Use, not require a large clamping force. Because it adhesion of metal, so it is best coated with a layer of graphite powder in order to avoid demolition strenuous. Asbestos rubber sheet in four colors: gray, for low-voltage (Grade XB-200, pressure ≤ 16 kg / square centimeter, temperature 200 ℃); red for medium pressure (Grade XB-350, pressure up to 40 kg / square cm, temperature 350 ℃); purple for high-pressure (Grade XB-450, pressure 100 kg / square centimeter temperature 450 ℃); green, used for oil, pressure resistance is also very good . (6) Metal Flat Thermal Loop: Lead, temperature 100 ℃; aluminum 430 ℃; Cu 315 ℃; low-carbon steel 550 ℃; silver 650 ℃; nickel 810 ℃; Monel (Ni-Cu) alloy 810 ℃, stainless steel 870 ℃ . Less able to pressure them lead, aluminum and can withstand 64 kilograms / square centimeter, other materials can be high pressure. (7) metal washer opposite sex: Lens Gasket: There are self-energizing effect, used in high-pressure valve. Oval-shaped washer: There are also belong to high-pressure self-energizing gasket. Cone pairs of washers: for high-pressure tight seal within the self. In addition, there are square, diamond, triangular, toothed, dovetail-shaped, B-shaped, C-shaped, are generally only used in high and medium pressure valve. (8) Metal foreskin washers: metal is both a fine temperature pressure resistance, and good flexibility. Foreskin material of aluminum, copper, low carbon steel, stainless steel, Monel alloy. Inside the filler material of asbestos, PTFE, glass fiber. (9) Wave washers: with clamping force is small, sealed good effect. Often used in the form of combination of metal and nonmetal. (10) winding washers: It is the thin metal band and non-metallic band close together, wound into a multi-layered circular, cross section, wavy, have a good flexibility and sealing. Metal strip can be used 08 steel, 0Cr13, 1Cr13, 2Cr13, 1Cr18Ni9Ti, copper, aluminum, titanium, Monel alloy production. Non-metallic materials with asbestos, PTFE and so on. More about the performance of sealing gaskets, the cited some figures. Must make it clear that these figures with the flange form, media, and installation of repair technology are closely related, sometimes more than, and sometimes fail, and the pressure and temperature performance, but also transform into each other, such as high temperature, and resistance pressure capacity is often reduced, these fine points, can only experience in practice. 3) The new materials and new technologies The above described sealing washer is far from comprehensive, Moreover, sealing technology is in rapid development. The following examples of a number of new materials and new technologies. (1) Liquid Seal: As the polymer industry, the rapid development of organic synthesis in recent years emerged liquid sealant, used in static seals; this new technology, often called the liquid seal. Fluid sealing principle is the use of liquid sealant adhesion, mobility and single-molecule membrane effects (the thinner the membrane the greater the tendency of the natural reply) and, where appropriate under pressure, making it the same way as the washer works. Therefore, the use of a sealing adhesive, also known as liquid gasket. (2) PTFE sealing raw materials: PTFE is also a high molecular organic compounds, it is sintered into a product before, called the raw material, texture soft, there are single-molecule membrane effect. Using raw materials made of raw materials with a known band, long-term preservation can be rolled into a plate. Are free to use shape, any joints, as long as a pressure, this will form an evenly played the role of ring sealing membrane. As the valve body and valve cover gasket, you can not remove the valve flap or damper circumstances, forced open a gap, into the raw material brought on the list. Clamping force is small, non-stick in hand, but also non-stick flange, the replacement is very convenient. Mortise the most suitable for the flange. PTFE raw materials can also be made of tube and rod for sealing use. (3) Metal hollow O-ring: good elasticity, clamping force is small, there is self-energizing effect, the choice of a variety of metal materials, resulting in low temperature, high temperature and strong corrosive media can adapt to. (4) graphite plate seals: in people's minds, graphite is a brittle material, the lack of flexibility and toughness, but after special treatment of the graphite, but it is soft, flexible sound. In this way, graphite heat resistance and chemical stability, they can be displayed in the gasket material; and this washer clamping force is small, a very favorable sealing effect. This also made of graphite tape, with the metal strip with the form-performance wound gasket. Graphite plate seals and graphite spiral wound gaskets ---- The emergence of high temperature corrosion-resistant sealed a major breakthrough. Such washers have a large number of overseas production and use.