Earth Anchors

Robs or cables installed into the adjacent soil mass or rock. Portion beyond zone of active pressure grouted to hold a soldier pile or similar walled excavation. The anchors may be installed horizontally or at a slope.

Earth Auger

See Auger.

Earth Pressure

Normally used in reference to the lateral pressure or force imposed by a soil mass against an earth-supporting structure such as a retaining wall or basement wall, or on a fictitious vertical plane located within a soil mass. The coefficient of earth pressure refers to the ratio of lateral pressure to vertical pressure existing at a point in a soil mass, and can be "active," "at rest," or "passive" depending on the assumed condition.

Eccentric Loading

Load that does not bear axially on the pile, usually due either to the pile being driven out of plumb or plan location or the actual imposed load condition.

Edge Form

A low form constructed around the perimeter of an area to contain concrete being placed for flat surfaces such as floors and sidewalks.

EIC

Engineering Institute of Canada.

Elastic Deformation

Alteration in length of a pile, or structural member due to load (reduction for compression piles, elongation for tension piles). An important factor in uating apparent pile movements under test load. Also called Elastic Shortening, Elongation.

Elastic Shortening

A reduction in the length of a pile or structurial member due to the imposed load. A factor to be considered in uating pile movement under a load test.

Elephant Trunk

A steel tube with flared bottom, used to pour concrete under water. The tubes bottom is kept in the wet concrete and the tube is raised as the concrete raises.

Elevation

The vertical location of a point relative to a fixed reference (i.e., plus or minus sea level).

Embedment

1. The length of the pile from the surface of the ground or from the cutoff below the ground to the tip of the pile.
2. Extent of penetration of the top of pile into the pile cap.

Encased Beam

Steel beam surrounded by concrete.

Encasement

See Pile Encasement.

End Bearing Pile

A pile that supports the major portion of the load placed upon it by end or tip bearing on a firm stratum existing at some depth below the ground surface.

End Closure

A plate or point attached to the tip of a pipe or shell pile.

End Resistance

The static soil resistance at the pile end to loading. Also called Tip Resistance.

Energy, Impact

The kinetic energy delivered by a pile hammer to the drive cap.

Energy, Rated

The manufacturer's specified energy of a powered pile hammer.

Engineering Geologist

A geologist, who may also have engineering training, specializing in the application of geology to engineering problems.

Engineering News Formula

One of many dynamic formulae for estimating the static load bearing capacity of a driven pile.
R = Allowable Pile capacity in pounds with a presumed factor of safety of 6
E = Energy in ft-lbs
S = Set in inches/blow

R = 2E / S + 0.1

Enlarged Base

1. A pile base reamed out or enlarged by driving out successive charges of dry concrete or gravel from the base of an open-ended driving tube to form a bulb. This has the effect of increasing the bearing area of the pile and compacting the soil.
2. Pressure injected footing.
3. Prescast concrete base installed with provision for smaller shaft to cut-off level. See Franki Pile.

Epoxy Grout

A two (or more) part resin that, when mized, produces a high-strength bonding material.

European Lead

A term applied to a lead in which the hammer is mounted in front of the lead. Also called Mast Lead, Monkey Stick, Truss Lead, Triangular Lead.

Excavate

To remove soil for a footing or to establish a uniform grade.

Exhaust port

1. The outlet fluid path of all fluid powered hammers.
2. The combined air inlet and exhaust part of a diesel hammer. Also called Air Port.

Expanded Base

See Enlarged Base, Compacted Concrete Pile.

Expanded Pile

A pile with a mechanical device for expanding the bottom for greater beraing or resistance uplift.

Expansion Dam

Part of the bridge that lets it expand and contract with temperature changes.

Expansion Joint

A pre-formed piece of fiberous or asphaltic material used to seperate units of concrete to prevent cracking due to expansion and contraction.

Explosive Force

The force exerted on a pile by the explosion of the diesel fuel, which is equal to the gas pressure created by the explosion times the area of the cylinder bore.

Extended Leads

Pile hammer leads which extend above and attach to the boom of the crane.

Extraction

Pulling to withdrawn previously isntalled pile from the ground. Usually done with an impact pile extractor or a vibratory pile driver/extractor.

Extractor

See Pile Extractor.

Extruded Wye

A device for connecting arch wall sections to the main cells of a cofferdam. Extruded in a solid Y shape, it is an alternative to fabricated tees or wyes.

Eye Splice

a loop spliced in the end of a wire rope.