为什么法国还在扶持非洲的独裁者?
BY BOUBACAR BORIS DIOP | JULY/AUGUST 2010
作者:布巴卡尔·鲍里斯·迪奥普(BOUBACAR BORIS DIOP) | 2010年7/8月刊
Almost as soon as they had been elected, Nicolas Sarkozy and Barack Obama began planning high-profile trips to Africa. Surely the French and American presidents had more pressing priorities than addressing a continent so long ago judged unimportant to global affairs. But as it turned out, this curious exercise of "talking to Africa" offered the perfect opportunity for these two novice Western heads of state to prove that they embodied exactly what they said they did: leadership unwedded to the conventionalities of business as usual.
尼古拉·萨科齐(Nicolas Sarkozy)和巴拉克·奥巴马(Barack Obama)几乎是一当选就开始计划高调出访非洲。比起向一个很久以前被断定为对国际事务不重要的洲发表演讲,法国和美国的总统肯定有更为迫切的需要优先考虑的事。但是如结果所示,这一奇怪的“向非洲谈话”的履职活动为这两个新上任的西方国家首脑提供了{jj1}的机会来证明他们xx体现了他们的所言所行:像往常一样,领导人不与贸易惯例相结合。
So our two guests came, portraying themselves as friends of the continent -- and indeed possessing an affection so profound that they were unafraid to say out loud all the unpleasant truths about Africa usually reserved for whispers in private. Like the gentleman who fondly lectures the beggar before dropping a meager coin into his jar, they came to Africa with an innate sense of superiority. Their sentiment derived, of course, from a conviction that they had done all in their power to avoid making such a mess of things, unlike the beggars -- the African countries themselves. Obama and Sarkozy, it seemed, were tormented by the desire to restore reason to the world's most irresponsible nations.
所以我们的两位客人来了,把自己粉饰成这个洲的朋友——而且确实怀有一种如此深的感情使他们不怕大声说出来通常留作私下密谈的关于非洲的所有不愉快的事实。他们带着一种天生的优越感来到非洲,如同那个把一枚少得可怜的硬币投进罐子前温情地对乞丐说教一番的绅士。他们的观感当然是源自于他们确信:他们已经竭尽他们的权力所能来避免把事情搞得这样一团糟,不同于乞丐的脏乱——是非洲国家本身的混乱。要世界上最不可靠的国家恢复理智的愿望似乎使奥巴马和萨科齐极为烦恼。
But what a shameless rewriting of history!
但是这是多么无耻的对历史的篡改!
Certainly, Obama was courteous enough in his trip last year to Ghana. Yet even he needed reminding of the extent to which Cold War America pushed so many countries toward becoming today's "failed states." Between the two presidents, however, Sarkozy is surely the leader most deserving of rebuke. For never in modern political annals has there been anything close to the powerful, inseparable synergy between France and its former empire. At the very moment it realized decolonization was historically inevitable, Paris concocted a true masterpiece of political genius: undertaking all that was necessary in pulling out of Africa -- and doing so in such a way as to, in fact, not budge an inch.
当然,奥巴马在他去年的加纳之行上十分谦恭有礼。即使如此他也需要被提醒冷战时期的美国迫使这么多的国家成为现今的“衰败国家”到何种程度。但是在两个总统之中,萨科齐无疑是那个最应受到谴责的。因为关于法国及其前帝国之间强大的、不可分的协同作用,从未在现代政治史上有过任何与之相近的记载。就在当时巴黎意识到非殖民化是历史的必然,它策划了一个真正的政治天才的杰作:进行所有撤出非洲所必需的工作——并且是以这样的方式使得事实上未移动一寸。
Gen. Charles de Gaulle's trusted advisor, Jacques Foccart, was the architect of this neocolonial ruse. His methods were simple: install trusted African politicians, some with French nationality, as the heads of these 14 new states and maintain the firm, French grasp on their natural resources. It was a system that naturally bred corruption and instability -- and could hardly persist without massive abuses of human rights.
查尔斯·戴高乐(Charles de Gaulle)将军的心腹谋士雅克·佛卡尔(Jacques Foccart)是这个新殖民主义计谋的策划者。他的方法很简单:安排信得过的非洲政客——有些还拥有法国国籍——就任这14个新国家的首脑并且继续经营公司,法国人控制他们的自然资源。这是个必然滋生腐败和不稳定的体系——而且如果没有大规模的侵犯人权就几乎不能得以持续。
But no matter; Africa's new dictators could rest easy. Thanks to its almost 60,000 troops on the continent, the French Army could rush to their aid at a moment's notice -- and had already agreed to do so as part of defense agreements in which certain key clauses were kept secret. The French secret service was also poised to undertake, if necessary, the liquidation of the dictators' most formidable rivals. The list of African opposition figures who perished this way is dreadfully long.
但没关系,非洲的新独裁者们能够心安理得。由于在非洲大陆上有差不多60,000人的xx,法军能在收到通知后即刻赶去援助他们,并且作为防务协议——其中某些主要条款是保密的——的一部分已经同意这么做了。如果必要的话,法国特工也准备好了对独裁者最强大的对手进行清算。死于这种方式的非洲反对者的名单长得要命。
In truth, the greatest fault of the French model was not that it existed in the first place, but that it so unabashedly survived the Cold War. At the time, when Moscow and Washington were behaving even more savagely in their respective spheres of influence, Paris's meddling in Africa seemed relatively benign. But today, it would be unimaginable to see the British prime minister interfering in the succession of the Ghanaian or Kenyan heads of state. And Sarkozy? He did exactly that last year when Ali Bongo emerged victorious in Gabon's disputed presidential election -- with the endorsement of the French president to succeed his father. No wonder: Bongo senior was himself installed by de Gaulle back in 1967. Jacques Chirac similarly backed the son of Togo's Gen. Gnassingbé Eyadéma in 2005.
事实上,法国模式{zd0}的过错首先不是它继续存在,而是它历经冷战后还这么厚颜无耻地继续存在。当时,当莫斯科和华盛顿在他们各自的势力范围内表现得甚至更为野蛮时,法国在非洲的干预好像相对温和。但现在,看到英国首相干涉加纳或肯尼亚政府首脑的接替将会是不可思议的。而萨科齐呢?他去年恰恰做了这样的事,就在阿里·邦戈(Ali Bongo)在加蓬备受争议的总统选举中获胜——在法国总统的认可下接替其父亲时。不足为奇的是:早在1967年老邦戈自己是由戴高乐任命的,同样地雅克·希拉克(Jacques Chirac)在2005年支持了纳辛贝·埃亚德马(Gnassingbé Eyadéma)将军的儿子。
And so it goes: France destabilizes and destroys the countries of Africa, as if nothing in the world had changed. Indeed, among all the former European colonial powers, France is unique in its refusal to decolonize. And the countries that have refused this "friendship" with Paris -- Vietnam, Madagascar, Cameroon, and Algeria -- have paid for their liberty with many hundreds of thousands of lives.
就这样,法国使非洲国家动荡不安及至毁灭,就像世界上什么事都没改变过一样。实际上,在所有前欧洲殖民列强中,法国在拒绝非殖民化上是很独特的。那些拒绝了与巴黎的这种“友谊”的国家——越南、马达加斯加、喀麦隆和阿尔及利亚——为他们的自由付出了好几十万条生命。
Consider Niger, where France is not content to simply extract uranium from the country while paying Third World prices; it does so under such exploitative conditions -- sucking the groundwater dry -- that agriculture has become an impossibility in this agricultural nation. Suicidally focused on supplying 40 percent of France's uranium needs, Niger may be the world's second-largest uranium producer, but it is also today one of the poorest countries on the planet. And Paris will have it no other way; the French secret service was widely rumored to have ousted the country's first president, Hamani Diori, in 1974 after he said that his country benefited not one bit from the mineral's extraction. Niger's current instability -- three coups since 1996 and an ongoing internal rebellion -- is directly linked to the French imperative to control its strategic resource.
看看尼日尔,在那里法国不满足于仅仅以第三世界的价格从该国萃取铀;它是以——抽干地下水——这样的开采条件来萃取铀,致使农业在这个农业国家里成了一件不可能的事。毁灭性地集中于供应法国铀需求量的40%,尼日尔可能是世界上第二大铀生产国,但它今天也是全球最贫穷的国家之一。而巴黎要得到它别无他法;盛传该国{dy}任总统哈马尼·迪奥里(Hamani Diori)在1974年说他的国家从矿产开采中得不到一点好处后被法国特工驱逐。尼日尔当前的不稳定——自1996年以来的3次xx和一个正在进行中的国内叛乱——与法国势必控制其战略资源直接相关。
For years, many assumed that this Fran?afrique had become an anachronism, one that would eventually wither and die a natural death. Yet somehow or another, the marriage keeps on working, in Gabon and Chad, Niger and the Republic of Congo, with no apparent sign of duress. France is content to pull the strings from behind the scenes in such a way that no popular African revolt could ever take aim at its involvement.
多年来,许多人以为这个“法兰西非洲”已成了一个不合时代的事物,最终会衰退并自然死亡。然而由于这样或那样的原因,这种结合在加蓬、乍得、尼日尔和刚果共和国继续进行,没有明显的强迫迹象。法国乐于以这样的方式在幕后操纵使得非洲的平民起义不曾以它的干涉为目标。
Instead, French leaders have done all in their power to nourish a profound emotional complicity in their African counterparts. In his memoirs, de Gaulle's advisor Foccart insisted upon the importance of maintaining deeply personal relationships with African presidents, far beyond what protocol requires. De Gaulle was irritated that Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Central African Republic always called him "Papa," but he held his tongue, surely so as not to compromise France's provisions of tropical wood and diamonds. African counterparts felt more at ease, it was believed, with Chirac, less snobby about good food and even an aficionado of bawdy jokes -- in short, not a very complicated man.
相反的,法国领导人尽他们的权力在他们的非洲同行中培养一个有深刻感情的同谋。戴高乐的顾问佛卡尔在他的论文集里强调与非洲总统维持远超过协议要求的深厚的个人关系的重要性。让戴高乐恼怒的是中非共和国的让-巴都·博卡萨(Jean-Bédel Bokassa)总是叫他“爸爸”,但他保持沉默,无疑是免得危机热带木材和钻石对法国的供应。据说非洲政要对希拉克感到更心安,他对于美食不怎么虚荣,甚至是一个黄色笑话的狂热爱好者——简而言之,不是一个非常复杂的人。
Such a philosophy rests upon the uncomfortable notion that Africans, "joyous by nature," as Chirac once said, are simply big children. That assumed immaturity authorizes France to act in a way so undemocratic in Africa that its practices would be unimaginable back home. Unfortunately, my continent doesn't have to imagine those realities because we live them every single day -- with every deprived citizen who wants for education, for health care, or even, at times, for so much as a bowl of rice to eat. France, meanwhile, is satiated.
这种理论是依据那种令人不舒服的想法:非洲人“天性快乐”,如希拉克曾说的,只不过是大孩子。那种想当然的不成熟使得法国有充足的理由在非洲以如此不民主的方式行事,以至于非洲的现行状况不可思议地落后到家了。不幸的是,我的非洲不必去想象那些现实,因为我们每{yt}都过着这样的生活——每一个缺少教育、医疗保健、甚至有时不过是一碗果腹的米饭的贫困居民。与此同时,法国却吃得太饱。
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【时代周刊】肯尼亚的人狮之争
对于这位牲畜主来说,牛顿第三定律(作用力与反作用力定律)在他的身上表现得淋漓尽致。肯尼亚北部的马赛马拉国家保护区,有几头狮子猎杀了他家的两头牛畜,于是,他便针锋相对,一口气毒杀了三头狮子。为此,该名男子遭到逮捕,他对自己的毒杀行为,也供认不讳。在肯尼亚,他的这种行为,是非法行为。然而,据说,一位当地的政客对此事插手之后,该男子居然免受牢狱之灾,无罪释放。1
这起毒杀事件发生在今年4月,从今年年初到现在,至少有25只这种大型猫科动物惨遭毒手,有时,一次就有几只这样的动物,遭受灭顶之灾,这只最近发生的一起。警报又一次被敲响,用不了几年,狮子就要在这里濒临灭绝。这一警报也同样在敲醒那些动物保护者们,尽管他们近几年来一直都在制订各色各样的挽救计划,往里面扔进大把大把的钞票,他们付出的努力却收效甚微。肯尼亚的狮子数量在下降,从50年前的20,000只,一直下降到了现在的2,000。在这个国家,几乎难以找到能让狮子自由自在,不受人类威胁的地方。
要搞清楚为什么肯尼亚的马赛人会残杀害狮子,就得搞清楚非洲人与西方人之间在认识上存在的差异,非洲人就生活在对食肉动物捕杀的环境当中,而西方人对环境的理解,则与其截然不同。游人千里迢迢,不惜车马游资前来度假,目的就是想借此机会,一睹非洲荒原狂野之狮的尊容。而有些马萨伊牧民,即使锒铛入狱也在所不惜,他们就是要对这里的狮子大开杀戒,就因为这种猛兽袭击了他们家的牛畜。对于马赛人来说,世界上没有比牛重要的东西。
肯尼亚的野生动物与当地居民间的冲突,已发展到水火不容,不共戴天的地步。该国的人口已上升至4亿,人兽之争空前突出。多年来,这里的天旱不断,牛群渴死,形势变得异常严峻,甚至有的地方,成了野生动物们的天下。对于马赛人来说,牛就看得更比天还大,比命还贵,因为他们的牛群要想壮大,赖以放牧的土地,就是它们的生存之宝。这样,那些饥肠辘辘的捕食者也就只有忍饥挨饿,听天由命。“对于这里贫困农村的人口来说,野生动物是一个他们需要付出昂贵代价的邻居,除非他靠野生动物为生,” 狮群生存保护小组及项目研究的负责人,野生动物生物学家劳伦斯·弗兰克(Laurence Frank)说,“一直到这场旱灾降临,人兽之争悬而未决,干旱是左右人兽相争的主宰。”
肯尼亚的动物保护工作,千头万绪。非洲的大部分地区,这些天来,矛盾的焦点,都集中到了人与野生动物的生存之争上。要使野生动物受益——至少能与人类共存,人们就得想方设法,谋求出路。办法之一就是旅游开发,给当地人找到就业机会,对他们进行培训,让他们中的一些人,依靠这里得天独厚的旅游,为自己谋取生存。另一种方法就是租借他们的土地,给野生动物一个生存的空间。再有就是一旦他们的家畜遭到捕食,均以某种方式为他们提供补偿。
干旱与这里的极度贫穷,摆在了肯尼亚人的前面,也给人们为野生动物的保护所做的大量工作,带来严峻的考验。肯尼亚与坦桑尼亚接壤的北部,安博塞利国家公园周围,这里的生态系统,成了人们关注的大热点之一。远处的乞力马扎罗山,时隐时现,视野一片开阔。茫茫草原,“草”浪翻滚,目及之处,景色怡人,目不暇接。然而,就在这样一块美景如画的地区,今年,有大量的狮子遭到人们的捕杀。据弗兰克所说,今年1月以来,至少有17只惨遭毒手。在这,人们的游猎长期以来均有一份游猎指南,游区的经营者理查德·伯翰(Richard Bonham)得到了《国家地理》及其他一些保护组织的赞助。2003年,在肯尼亚实施了一项规模{zd0}的野生动物保护实验:在这生态系统得到精心保护的地区,当地的马赛人的牲畜一旦遭到掠食者掠杀,他们就能得到补偿。
批评者认为,这项计划促使牲畜管理混乱,让人一脸无奈:掠食的牲畜既然已得到补偿,他们为何还割舍不下他们的那些牲畜?批评者们还提出质疑,如此之多的狮子惨遭毒手,只能说明他们的补偿没有起到作用。与此同时,伯翰与他的合作者们认为,如果没有这些补偿,这里的狮子可能会死得更多。这里的马赛人,要么就是为了他们的牲畜,不顾狮子的死活,要么就是通过对狮子的屠杀,以引起当地政府对他们的关注,因为他们觉得他们被人忽视几十年了。“我们曾遭受过一些挫折,当然,但有一点是非常,非常清楚的。如果不是我们的补偿计划还在实施当中,我都相当怀疑,整个保护区内会不会还有狮子剩下,” 伯翰说,“这就是为何我们还在不懈努力,为禁止这种杀戮而奋斗所做的一切。”
沿坦桑尼亚边界再往西,马赛马拉附近,野生动物保护者们正在尝试另外一个截然不同的拯救策略:设立野生动物保护区,这一保护区是由成千上万个小块组成,每块地区都是从他们个人的土地所有者手中租借而来。在得到补偿之后,这块土地上的人不允许还在上面放养牲畜,这里已成了野生动物的避难之所。租借而来的土地均被划为野生动物保护区。之所以采用这种方式,正是因为这里的土地是归私人所有,与整个社会无关,也正是因为它们地处安博塞利地区。马赛马拉地区的人开始越来越富裕起来了,他们充分地利用了当地的丰富旅游资源,为自已带来了滚滚财源。
所有有关此项目的问题都接踵而至:如何才能得以持续发展?失去资金驰援之后,一切都会发生什么样变化?那些希望能从自己的土地中获得租金,或想从牲畜损失中得到补偿的人,他们会不会只为了报复,而对野生动物采取残杀行为?在安博塞利附近地区,为保护狮子而正在实施“狮子守护者”计划的弗兰克,正在雇拥马赛男子跟踪带有无线项圈的狮子,警告其他马赛人把他们的牲畜赶走。还有一些建议,其中包括设立保险计划,补偿那些在他们的土地上有狮子出没,牲畜损失或土地受租的当地农民。“我认为,赔偿带来的风险会比其它方式更大,譬如,奖赏他们对野生动物的良好保护行为,”为狮子保护计划提供资金的一个大型猫科动物保护小组的执行主任卢克·亨特说。“保险计划能更好地促进家畜饲养的发展,而且还能从他们的表现中获益——即如有狮子在他们的地界中出没,可以获得收益——以奖励当地农民保护野生动物的行为。”
无论采用何种策略,肯尼亚野生动物保护者们都很清楚,这里的每个人似乎都一致认为,他们所遇到的{zd0}的困难,就是改变当地人对待野生动物的态度。长久以来,马赛人以杀狮作为成人的祭祀仪式。其实,人与动物之间生存的空间还极其广阔,可任由动物驰骋。而现在,提供给动物们相对还能给它们带来安全的地方,就是肯尼亚的公园和保护区,这才是它们的避风港,但是,野生动物不可能老老实实呆在人们为它划定的区域里,除非人们用围栏将它们统统圈禁起来。去年的一项研究表明,像肯尼亚其它地区一样,保护区里的野生动物也在迅速地走向灭亡;据悉,无论是在肯尼亚动物保护区,还是在保护区之外的野生动物,30年来,动物的数量下降了40%。
“你必须要珍视的是我们已有的野生动物保护传统。在这里,我们可以与野生动物们一道,和平相处,即使偶尔会发生一些冲突,我们也可以将它们迁徙到现代的国家公园式的保护区内,” 肯尼亚野生动物保护局发言人保罗表示:“这里没有黑白之分,也没有正确的答案。我们能做的就是竭尽全力去做我们能够去做的事情。”
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原文日期: 2010-05-21