轴承主要是用于制造滚动轴承钢轧制环。

应该作为一种长寿命轴承，高精度，低脂肪，热量，高速，高刚性的结果，低噪声，高耐磨性和轴承钢等特点，因此所需经费应当：高硬度，均匀硬度，高弹性极限，高接触疲劳强度，必要的韧性，有一定程度的淬透性，在抗腐蚀气氛的润滑剂。为了实现轴承，如要求脱碳钢板的统一性，非内容的非金属夹杂物和碳化物粒度和分布，类型化学成分的性能要求。

轴承钢一般的高品质，高性能，多品种的方向。轴承钢根据应用环境的特点和分类为：高碳铬轴承钢，渗碳轴承钢，高温轴承钢，不锈钢轴承及专用专用轴承材料。

为了适应高温，高速，高负荷，耐腐蚀，抗辐射要求，有必要发展的一种新型轴承钢的一系列特殊性质。轴承钢，以减少氧气含量，真空熔炼发展，电渣重熔，电子束重熔等轴承钢冶炼技术。和大量的金属轴承由电弧炉熔炼钢，发展成早期二次精炼炉增加不同类型。

目前的超过60吨的能力，早期炉使用+低频/性病或湿度+铸造+轴承钢轧制工艺，以达到高品质，高效率，低功耗的目的。在热处理过程中，从车底式炉，罩式炉发展成一个连续的控制退火炉热处xx氛。目前，连续加热到150米热处理炉，对组织上的稳定和统一的脱碳层小，能耗低，钢球轴承的生产。

自20世纪70年代初，随着经济的发展和工业技术进步，扩大轴承的范围，以及国际贸易的发展，也促进了轴承钢标准和新技术，新工艺，新设备的国际化发展和应用的高效率，高质量，低成本的技术和技术装备应运而生。日本和德国，建成了高纯度，高质量的轴承钢生产线，这样，在钢铁生产，钢材质量，显着提高疲劳寿命迅速增加。日本，瑞典，轴承钢氧含量下降到低于10ppm生产。在80年代后期，日本三洋公司特殊钢公司的先进水平为百万分之5.4，达到了真空重熔轴承钢的水平。

轴承钢的接触疲劳寿命是非常敏感的同质性。提高清洁(减少钢中夹杂物含量和杂质元素)，以钢非金属夹杂物和碳化物均匀分布的小，可以提高轴承钢的接触疲劳寿命。轴承钢使用该组织的国家应该是回火马氏体基体上均匀分布的小颗粒碳化物，这种组织可以给予必要的轴承钢的性能。轴承高碳钢有碳，铬，硅，锰，钒等主要合金元素。
组织
如何让球轴承钢生产的重要问题，控轧控冷是一个重要的先进的轴承钢生产工艺。通过控轧或轧后快冷xx了碳化物网络，获取充分的筹备组织，钢球轴承可缩短退火时间，细化碳化物，提高疲劳寿命。

近年来，俄罗斯和日本，控轧使用低温(800℃?850℃以下)，使用冷气机，轧后退火多短的时间内，或取消球化退火工艺冷却可以轴承钢是合格的组织。轴承钢650℃高温处理，也是新技术。共析钢或高碳钢热加工，然后如果它有一个很好的，在06.9.14

Bearing Steel and the direction of development of new technologies

Bearing steel mainly used in the manufacture of rolling bearings and ring rolling.

should have as a result of long-life bearings, high-precision, low-fat, calorie, high-speed, high rigidity, low noise, high wear resistance and other characteristics of bearing steel, therefore the requirements should have: high hardness, uniform hardness, high elastic limit, high contact fatigue strength, the necessary toughness, a certain degree of hardenability, the lubricant in the atmosphere of resistance to corrosion. In order to achieve the performance requirements of the chemical composition of bearing steel uniformity, non-metallic inclusions content and type of carbide particle size and distribution, such as demanding Decarburization.

bearing steel in general to high-quality, high performance and multi-species direction. Bearing steel according to characteristics and application environments classified as: high-carbon chromium bearing steel and carburization bearing steel, high temperature bearing steel, stainless steel bearings and exclusive special bearing materials.

order to adapt to high temperature, high-speed, high load, corrosion resistance, anti-radiation requirements necessary to develop a series of special properties of a new type of bearing steel. Bearing steel in order to reduce the oxygen content, the development of vacuum melting, electroslag remelting, electron beam remelting, such as bearing steel smelting technology. And large quantities of metal bearing steel from electric arc furnace melting, to develop into various types of early secondary refining furnace increases.

At present, the use of a capacity of more than 60 tons in early furnace + LF / VD or RH + Casting + Bearing Steel Rolling Process in order to achieve high-quality, high efficiency, low-power purposes. In the heat treatment process, from the bottom of the vehicle-type furnace, bell-type furnace develop into a continuous controlled atmosphere annealing furnace heat treatment. At present, the continuous heat treatment furnace for up to 150m, production of steel ball bearings of organizational stability and uniform layer Decarburization small, low energy consumption.

20 since the early 70 century, with the economic development and industrial technological progress, expanding the scope of bearings; and the development of international trade, but also promoted the internationalization of bearing steel standards and new technologies, new processes and new equipment the development and application of high efficiency, high quality, low-cost technology and technical equipment came into being. Japan and Germany, and built a high-purity, high-quality bearing steel production line, so that a rapid increase in steel production, steel quality and significantly improve fatigue life. Japan and Sweden, the production of bearing steel oxygen content down to below 10ppm. The late 80’s, Japan Sanyo Special Steel Company’s advanced level of 5.4ppm, vacuum remelting reached the level of bearing steel.

bearing contact fatigue life of steel is very sensitive homogeneity. Improve cleanliness (to reduce the impurity elements in steel and inclusions content), to steel in non-metallic inclusions and carbide uniformly distributed small, can enhance contact with bearing steel fatigue life. Bearing steel using state of the organization should be tempered martensite matrix are evenly distributed on a small carbide particles, such an organization can give the necessary bearing steel performance. Bearing high-carbon steel has the major alloying elements of carbon, chromium, silicon, manganese, vanadium, etc..

of organizations how to get the ball bearing steel production are important issues, controlled rolling and controlled cooling is an important advanced bearing steel production process. Through controlled rolling or after rolling the fast-cooling eliminates the carbide network, gain access to adequate preparatory organization, steel ball bearings can be shortened annealing time, refining carbide, improve fatigue life.

in recent years, Russia and Japan, the use of controlled rolling and low temperature (800 ℃ ~ 850 ℃ below), the use of air-cooled after rolling plus annealing a short period of time, or removing the spheroidization annealing process can be qualified organizations bearing steel . Bearing Steel 650 ℃ temperature processing is also new technology. Eutectoid steel or high carbon steel hot processing before if it has a fine-grained organization or during processing to form fine-grained, in (0.4 ~ 0.6)melting temperature range, to a certain strain rate, showing a superplastic. Naval Postgraduate School (NSP)of 52100 steel were 650 ℃ temperature processing tests showed that at 650 ℃ under the true strain of 2.5 is not broke. Therefore, it is possible to 650 ℃ temperature processing to replace the high-temperature processing and spheroidization annealing process to combine, which simplify the equipment and processes, energy conservation, improve the quality of significance.

in the heat treatment, in spheroidizing improve quality, access to small, uniform, spherical carbides as well as to shorten the annealing time or cancel spheroidizing process research progress has been made, namely, the production of wire rod using two Annealing organizations will pull-out after 720 ℃ ~ 730 ℃ annealing recrystallization organization changed to 760 ℃ annealing. This can be a low hardness, the ball of a good, non-mesh carbide organization, the key is to ensure that surface between pull-out rate by ≥ 14%. The process so that the efficiency of heat treatment furnace enhance 25% ~ 30%. Continuous spheroidizing bearing steel heat-treatment technology is the development direction of heat treatment.

to every country in the research and development of new type of bearing steel, the expansion of applications and an alternative to conventional steel bearings. Such as rapid carburizing bearing steel, by changing the chemical composition to improve the speed of carburization, in which the carbon content from the traditional 0.08% ~ 0.20% to about 0.45 percent, carburizing time reduced to seven hours by 30 minutes. Developed a high-frequency hardening bearing steel, carbon steel or use of ordinary carbon manganese, chromium steel, hardened through the high frequency heating to replace the ordinary bearing steel, not only simplified the production process also reduced costs and increased service life.

Japan developed GCr465, SCM465 fatigue life than the SUJ-2 high 2 ~ 4 times. Due to high temperature, corrosion, lubrication conditions of the environment bearing more and more, in the past the use of M50 (CrMo4V), 440C (9Cr18Mo)such as bearing steel has been used not meet the requirements of the urgent need to develop processing performance, low cost, fatigue long service life, suitable for different purposes and uses of steel bearings, such as high-temperature carburizing steel M50NiL, easy processing of stainless steel bearings 50X18M and ceramic bearing materials. GCr15SiMn steel for low hardenability weaknesses, China has developed a high hardenability and hardening of bearing steel GCr15SiMo, hardening of the HRC ≥ 60, Hardenability J60 ≥ 25mm. GCr15SiMo contact fatigue life of L10 and L50 respectively, compared with GCr15SiMn improve 73% and 68%, using the same conditions, the use of steel G015SiMo the life of the bearings are steel GCr15SiMo twice. In recent years, China has also developed to save energy, conserve resources and impact the GCr4 bearing steel. GCr15 compared with, GCr4 enhance the impact of the value of 66% ~ 104%, fracture toughness increased 67 percent, L10 improve contact fatigue life by 12%. GCr4 steel bearings with high temperature heating - Surface Heat Treatment. With the GCr15 hardenability compared to steel bearing, GCr4 steel bearings significantly improve life expectancy, can be used for heavy-duty high-speed train bearings. The future, bearing steel mainly to the high cleanliness and performance of the diversification of the two direction. Improve the cleanliness of bearing steel, in particular, is to reduce the oxygen content in steel, you can significantly prolong the life of bearings. Reduce the oxygen content from 28ppm to 5ppm, fatigue life can be extended an order of magnitude. In order to extend the life of bearing steel, it has been committed to the development and application of refined techniques to reduce the oxygen content in steel. At present, our country can be bearing steel in the minimum oxygen content control in about 10ppm. Bearing change requires the use of the environment must have the properties of bearing steel diversification. Equipment such as speed increased, the need for prospective high-temperature use (200 ℃ below)bearing steel (usually used in steel SUJ2 improve the basis of Si content, adding V and Nb the way to achieve the anti-softening and stability of the purpose of size); corrosion applications , required the development of stainless steel bearings; in order to simplify the process, it should be the development of high-frequency hardening of bearing steel and carburization bearing steel short; in order to meet the needs of aerospace, high-temperature bearing steel should be developed. (06-9-14)