According to a 1997 report by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission, formaldehyde is normally present in both indoor and outdoor air at low levels, usually less than 0.03 parts of formaldehyde per million parts of air (ppm).据美国消费者产品安全委员会1997年的报告，甲醛通常在室内和室外的空气含量低时，通常小于0.03每百万航空零部件（百万分之一）甲醛部分。 Materials containing formaldehyde can release formaldehyde gas or vapor into the air.材料含有的甲醛会释放到空气中的甲醛气体或蒸气。 One source of formaldehyde exposure in the air is automobile tailpipe emissions.一个甲醛暴露在空气中是汽车尾气的排放。

During the 1970s, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) was used in many homes.在20世纪70年代，尿素甲醛泡沫绝缘材料（UFFI）曾在许多家庭。 However, few homes are now insulated with UFFI.然而，很少有家庭现绝缘UFFI。 Homes in which UFFI was installed many years ago are not likely to have high formaldehyde levels now.院中UFFI是安装了很多年以前不太可能有甲醛含量高的现在。 Pressed-wood products containing formaldehyde resins are often a significant source of formaldehyde in homes.冲压木材产品含有甲醛树脂往往是家中的甲醛的重要来源。 Other potential indoor sources of formaldehyde include cigarette smoke and the use of unvented fuel-burning appliances, such as gas stoves, wood-burning stoves, and kerosene heaters.其他潜在的室内甲醛的来源包括香烟烟雾和无排气管燃油燃气燃烧器具，如火炉，烧木柴的炉子，使用和煤油炉等。

Industrial workers who produce formaldehyde or formaldehyde-containing products, laboratory technicians, certain health care professionals, and mortuary employees may be exposed to higher levels of formaldehyde than the general public.产业工人谁生产甲醛或甲醛含产品，实验室技术人员，一定的保健专业人士，和太平间的员工可能会接触到比一般市民甲醛更高的水平。 Exposure occurs primarily by formaldehyde gas or vapor from the air or by absorbing liquids containing formaldehyde through the skin.发生接触主要通过蒸气的空气中的甲醛气体或液体，或含有皮肤吸收甲醛通过。

当空气中的甲醛是存在于在超过百万分之0.1的水平，某些人可能会遇到 ，如水汪汪的眼睛，烧灼感的眼睛，鼻子和 ，咳嗽，呼吸困难， 和皮肤刺激。 Some people are very sensitive to formaldehyde, whereas others have no reaction to the same level of exposure.有些人很敏感，甲醛，而其他人没有接触到同样水平的反应。

.虽然甲醛暴露短期健康影响是众所周知的，那么目前尚不清楚其潜在的长期健康影响。 In 1980, showed that exposure to formaldehyde could cause cancer in rats. 1980年， 表明，接触甲醛可能引起癌的老鼠研究。 This finding raised the question of whether formaldehyde exposure could also cause cancer in humans.这一发现提出了是否甲醛暴露也可能导致人类癌症中的问题。 In 1987, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified formaldehyde as a probable human carcinogen under conditions of unusually high or prolonged exposure ( ). 1987年，美国环境保护署（EPA）曝光（分类甲醛作为或长时间高的条件下人类可能致癌的物质的异常 ）。 Since that time, some studies of humans have suggested that formaldehyde exposure is associated with certain types of cancer.自那时以来，人类的一些研究表明，甲醛暴露与某些类型的癌症有关。 The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies formaldehyde as a human carcinogen ( ).为研究国际癌症研究机构（IARC）的分类（甲醛作为一种人类致癌物质 ）。

自1980年代以来， （NCI）的一个组成部分，是 ，进行了研究，以确定是否有癌症协会之间的甲醛和职业暴露的风险在增加。 The results of this research have provided EPA and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) with information to evaluate the potential health effects of workplace exposure to formaldehyde.本研究结果为我们提供了信息环保局和职业安全及健康管理局（OSHA）评估工作场所接触甲醛对健康的潜在影响。

The long-term effects of formaldehyde exposure have been evaluated in epidemiologic studies (studies that attempt to uncover the patterns and causes of disease in groups of people).甲醛暴露的长期影响进行了评价的流行病学研究（研究，试图发现的模式和在人群疾病的原因）。 One type of epidemiologic study is called a .一个学习型的流行病学称为 。 A is a group of people who may vary in their exposure to a particular factor, such as formaldehyde, and are followed over time to see whether they develop a disease.一个是甲醛一群人谁可能各有不同，特别是接触到的因素，因此，并在随后的时间，看看他们是否开发一种疾病。 Another kind of epidemiologic study is called a .另一项研究一种被称为流行病学 。 病例对照研究，首先是人谁为具有某种疾病（例），比较病（控制他们的人没有），试图找出分歧暴露在甲醛的因素，例如，这可能解释为什么开发的案件但疾病控制没有。

 NCI的几个专业人士谁是潜在的暴露在他们的工作，如解剖学家和尸体防腐技工，甲醛调查都表明，这些人在一白血病和脑癌的风险增加，较一般人群。 However, specific work practices and exposures were not characterized in these studies.不过，具体的工作实践和风险特征并没有在这些研究。 An NCI case-control study among funeral industry workers that characterized exposure to formaldehyde also found an association between increasing formaldehyde exposure and from leukemia ( ).一个NCI的病例对照研究中甲醛殡葬业工人接触的特点也发现了甲醛和交往日益暴露从白血病（ ）。 For this study, carried out among funeral industry workers who had died between 1960 and 1986, researchers compared those who had died from and lymphatic cancers and with those who died from other causes.在这项研究中，1986年进行了殡葬行业职工之间的谁死了1960年之间，研究人员比较那些谁已经从死亡及淋巴癌症和与那些谁从其他原因死亡。（造血或如白血病发展的或 。淋巴癌症发展的和的生产，储存，携带和的斗争和其他疾病。）这一分析表明，那些谁已完成最防腐和{zg}估计甲醛接触者是有髓性白血病的危险{zd0}。 There was no association with other cancers of the hematopoietic and lymphatic systems or with brain cancer.没有与造血及淋巴系统或与其他癌症协会脑癌。

A number of cohort studies involving workers exposed to formaldehyde have recently been completed.涉及的世代接触甲醛的工人最近的一些研究已经完成。 One study, conducted by NCI, looked at 25,619 workers in industries with the potential for occupational formaldehyde exposure and estimated each worker's exposure to the chemical while at work ( ).一项研究中，NCI的进行，看着25619产业工会与职业暴露潜在的甲醛和估计每个工人所接触到的化学品，而在工作（ ）。 The results showed an increased risk of death due to leukemia, particularly myeloid leukemia, among workers exposed to formaldehyde.结果表明：一因白血病死亡，特别是髓性白血病的风险增加，在接触甲醛的工人。 This risk was associated with increasing peak and average levels of exposure, as well as with the duration of exposure, but it was not associated with .这种风险主要与增加高峰期和暴露的平均水平，以及与暴露时间的，但它没有相关的 。 An additional 10 years of data on the same workers were used in a follow-up study published in 2009 ( ).另外10年的工人同样的数据，说明被用于后续研究发表在2009年的后续（ ）。 This analysis continued to show a possible link between formaldehyde exposure and cancers of the hematopoietic and lymphatic systems, particularly myeloid leukemia.这一分析继续显示甲醛之间的接触和造血及淋巴系统的癌症，特别是髓性白血病可能存在的联系。 As in the initial study, the risk was highest earlier in the follow-up period.由于在最初的研究中，风险{zg}早些时候在后续阶段。 Risks declined steadily over time, such that the cumulative excess risk of myeloid leukemia was no longer at the end of the follow-up period.风险随着时间的推移逐渐下降，这样的累积粒细胞白血病过剩风险已不再于期末的后续行动。 The researchers noted that similar patterns of risks over time had been seen for other agents known to cause leukemia.研究人员指出，类似的风险模式随着时间已经已知的其他代理视为导致白血病。 A cohort study of 11,039 textile workers performed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) also found an association between the duration of exposure to formaldehyde and leukemia deaths ( ).一个美国NIOSH）世代与健康（安全研究职业11039纺织工人工作由国家研究所还发现了一个协会（死亡时间之间的接触甲醛和白血病 ）。 However, the evidence remains mixed because a cohort study of 14,014 British industry workers found no association between formaldehyde exposure and leukemia deaths ( ).但是，证据仍然混合，因为一个行业的工人队列研究的14014英国没有发现（协会之间的甲醛暴露与白血病死亡 ）。

Formaldehyde undergoes rapid chemical changes immediately after .甲醛经过化学变化后迅速 。 Therefore, some scientists think that formaldehyde is unlikely to have effects at sites other than the upper .因此，一些科学家认为，甲醛是不太可能在这些土地上的影响比其他 。 However, some laboratory studies suggest that formaldehyde may affect the lymphatic and hematopoietic systems.然而，一些实验室的研究表明，甲醛，可能会影响淋巴及造血系统。 这两项研究的基础上和流行病学数据队列和病例对照研究数据来自实验室，NCI的研究人员得出的结论是接触甲醛可能导致白血病，骨髓性白血病，特别是在人类。

此外，一些病例对照研究，以及世代分析NCI的大工业（ ），发现了癌症协会之间的甲醛暴露与鼻咽癌，虽然其他一些研究也没有。 Data from extended follow-up of the NCI cohort found that the excess of nasopharyngeal cancer observed in the earlier report persisted ( ).队列的数据扩展NCI的后续行动的发现，癌症超额鼻咽癌（在报告中指出，坚持早 ）。

Earlier analysis of the NCI cohort found increased deaths among industrial workers compared with the general US population.此前队列分析发现增加了NCI的死亡者中，工业的工人比一般美国的人口。 However, the rate of lung cancer deaths did not increase with higher levels of formaldehyde exposure.然而，肺癌死亡率没有增加与甲醛暴露水平较高。 This observation led the researchers to conclude that factors other than formaldehyde exposure might have caused the increased deaths.这使研究人员能够观察得出结论，甲醛暴露比其他因素可能造成的死亡人数增加。 The most recent data on lung cancer from the cohort study did not find any relationship between formaldehyde exposure and lung cancer mortality.对肺癌最近从队列研究的数据并没有发现任何与甲醛暴露与肺癌死亡率的关系。