原文：
混凝土泵送堵管的原因及预防措施： 1、操作不当容易造成堵管： 1.1操作人员精力不集中 输送泵操作人员在泵送施工中应精力集中，时刻注意泵送压力表的读数，一旦发现压力表读数突然增大，应立即反泵2-3个行程，再正泵，堵管即可排除。若已经进行了反泵(正泵几个操作循环，仍未排除堵管，应及时拆管清洗，否则将使堵管更加严重。 1.2泵送速度选择不当 泵送时，速度的选择很关键，操作人员不能一味地图快，有时欲速则不达。首次泵送时，由于管道阻力较大，此时应低速泵送，泵送正常后，可适当提高泵送速度。当出现堵管征兆或某一车混凝土的塌落度较小时，应低速泵送，将堵管消灭在萌芽状态。 1.3余料量控制不适当 泵送时，操作人员须随时观察料斗中的余料，余料不得低于搅拌轴，如果余料太少，极易吸入空气，导致堵管。料斗中的料也不能堆得太多，应低于防护栏，以便于及时清理粗骨料和超大骨料。当某一车混凝土的塌落度较小时，余料可低于搅拌轴，控制在“S”管或吸入口以上，以减小搅拌阻力、摆动阻力和吸入阻力。本办法仅适用于“S”阀系列混凝土泵。 1.4混凝土的塌落度过小时采取措施不当当发现有一斗混凝土的塌落度很小，无法泵送时，应及时将混凝土从料斗底部放掉，若贪图省事，强行泵送极易造成堵管。切忌在料斗中加水搅拌。 1.5停机时间过长 停机期间，应每隔5～10min（具体时间视当日气温、混凝土塌落度、混凝土初凝时间而定）开泵一次，以防堵管。对于停机时间过长，已初凝的混凝土，不宜继续泵送。 1.6管道未清洗干净 上次泵送完毕，管道未清洗干净，会造成下一次泵送时堵管。所以每次泵送完毕一定要按照操作规程将输送管道清洗干净。 2、管道连接原因导致的堵管： 管道接法错误很容易导致堵管。接管时应遵循以下原则： 管道布置时应按最短距离、最少弯头和{zd0}弯头来布管，尽量减小输送阻力，也就减少了堵管的可能性。 泵出口锥管处，不许直接接弯管，至少应接入5mm以上直管后，再接弯管。 泵送中途接管时，每次只能加接一根，且应用水润滑一下管道内壁，并排尽空气，否则极易造成堵管。 垂直向下的管路，出口处应装设防离析装置，预防堵管。 高层泵送时，水平管路的长度一般应不小于垂直管路长度的15％，且应在水平管路中接入管路截止阀。停机时间超过5min时，应关闭截止阀，防止混凝土倒流，导致堵管。由水平转垂直时的90度弯管，弯曲半径应大于500mm。 3、混凝土或砂浆的离析导致的堵管： 混凝土或砂浆遇水时，极易造成离析。有时在泵送砂浆时，便发生堵管现象，就是因为砂浆与管道中的水直接接触后，砂浆离析而引起的，预防办法是：泵前用水湿润管道后，从管道的{zd1}点将管道接头松开，将余水全部放掉，或者在泵水之后，泵送砂浆之前，放入一海绵球，将砂浆与水分开。 泵送完毕清洗管道时，也要放入一海绵球，将水与混凝土分开，否则极易造成堵管。 4、局部漏浆造成的堵管： 由于砂浆泄漏掉，一方面影响混凝土的质量，另一方面漏浆后，将导致混凝土的塌落度减小和泵送压力的损失，从而导致堵管。漏浆的原因主要有以下几种： 4.1输送管道接头密封不严 输送管道接头密封不严，管卡松动或密封圈损坏而漏浆。此时应紧固管卡或更换密封圈。 4.2眼镜板和切割环之间的间隙过大 眼镜板和切割环磨损严重时，二者之间的间隙变大。当间隙大于％--时，须通过调整异形螺栓来缩小眼镜板和切割环之间的间隙，若已无法调整，应立即更换磨损件。本办法仅适用于“S”阀系列混凝土泵。 4.3混凝土活塞磨损严重 操作人员应经常观察水箱中的水是否浑浊，有无砂浆，一旦发现水已浑浊或水中有砂浆，表明混凝土活塞已经磨损，此时应及时更换活塞，否则将因漏浆和压力损失而导致堵管，同时还会加剧活塞和输送缸的磨损。 4.4因混凝土输送缸严重磨损而引起的漏浆 若每次更换活塞后，水箱中的水很快就变浑浊，而活塞是好的，则表明输送缸已磨损，此时需更换输送缸。 5、非合格的泵送混凝土导致的堵管： 用于泵送的混凝土必须符合泵送混凝土的要求，并不是所有的混凝土都可以拿来泵送，非合格的泵送混凝土将加剧泵机的磨损，并经常出现堵管、爆管等现象。 5.1混凝土塌落度过大或过小 混凝土塌落度的大小直接反映了混凝土流动性的好坏，混凝土的输送阻力随着塌落度的增加而减小。泵送混凝土的塌落度一般在8～18cm范围内，对于长距离和大高度的泵送一般需严格控制在15cm左右。塌落度过小，会增大输送压力，加剧设备磨损，并导致堵管。塌落度过大，高压下混凝土易离析而造成堵管。 5.2含砂率过小、粗骨料级配不合理 细骨料按来源可分为：河砂、人工砂（即机制砂）、海砂、山砂，其中河砂的可泵性{zh0}，机制砂的可泵性最差。细骨料按粒径可分为：粗砂、中砂、细砂，其中中砂的可泵性{zh0}。 粗骨料按形状可分为：卵石、碎石。卵石的可泵性好于碎石。骨料的{zd0}粒径与输送管道的最小口径也有关系，卵石的{zd0}粒径应小于1/3口径，碎石的{zd0}粒径应小于1/4口径，否则也易引起堵管。 由于材料的不同，细骨料的含量（即含砂率）、粗骨料的级配都存在一个{zj0}值。通常情况下，含砂率不宜太低，应大于40％，大粒径粗骨料的含量不宜过高。合理地选择含砂率和确定骨料级配，对提高混凝土的泵送性能和预防堵管至关重要。 5.3水泥用量过少或过多 水泥在泵送混凝土中，起胶结作用和润滑作用，同时水泥具有良好的保水性能，使混凝土在泵送过程中不易泌水，水泥的用量也存在一个{zj0}值，若水泥用量过少，将严重影响混凝土的吸入性能，同时使泵送阻力增加，混凝土的保水性变差，容易泌水、离析和发生堵管。一般情况下每立方米混凝土中水泥的含量应大于320Kg，但也不能过大，水泥用量过大，将会增加混凝土的粘性，从而造成输送阻力的增加。 另外水泥用量与骨料的形状也有关系，骨料的表面积越大，需要包裹的水泥浆也应该越多，相应地水泥的含量就越大。因此，合理地确定水泥的用量，对提高混凝土的可泵性，预防堵管也很重要。 5.4外加剂的选用不合理 外加剂的种类很多，如：加气剂、减水剂、超塑化剂、缓凝剂、泵送剂等，根据混凝土的强度要求和水泥的品种，合理地选择外加剂，对提高混凝土的泵送性能起到很重要的作用。不合理的外加剂将使混凝土的可泵性和流动性变差，从而导致堵管。 6、砂浆量太少或配合比不合格导致的堵管： 6.1砂浆用量太少 因为首次泵送时，搅拌主机、混凝土输送车搅拌罐、料斗、管道等都要吸收一部分砂浆，如果砂浆用量太少，将导致部分输送管道没有得到润滑，从而导致堵管。正确的砂浆用量应按每200m管道约需0.5m3砂浆计算，搅拌主机、料斗、混凝土输送车搅拌罐等约需0.2m3左右的砂浆。因此泵送前一定要计算好砂浆的用量。砂浆太少易堵管，砂浆太多将影响混凝土的质量或造成不必要的浪费。 6.2砂浆配合比不合格 砂浆的配合比也很关键。 当管道长度低于150m时，用1:2的水泥砂浆（1份水泥/2份砂浆）；当管道长度大于150m时，用1:1的水泥砂浆（1份水泥/1份砂浆），水泥用量太少也会造成堵管。 7、气温变化导致的堵管： 夏季气温较高，管道在强烈阳光照射下，混凝土易脱水，从而导致堵管，因此在管道上应加盖湿草袋或其他降温用品。冬季应采取保温措施，确保混凝土的温度。 8、总结： 以上是总结的导致堵管的几个常见原因及预防措施，在实际生产过程中，由于外界条件的变化，造成堵管的原因往往不止这些。但只要我们严格按照操作规程操作，做到防微杜渐，不断地从每一次堵管中总结经验和教训，就一定能将堵管的可能性降到{zd1}。

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译文：
Concrete pump pipe blocked causes and preventive measures: 1, easily lead to improper operation plugging: 1.1 operator distractions Pump in pump construction operator should concentrate on, always pay attention to pumping pressure gauge readings, once found a sudden increase of pressure gauge readings should be immediately 2-3 against the pump stroke, then is the pump, blockage can be ruled out . If it has an anti-pump (pump several operating cycles are not yet rule out the blockage, should be promptly removed pipe cleaning, pipe blockage or will be more severe. Improper choice of pumping speed of 1.2 Pumping, the rate of choice is the key, the operator can not blindly map quickly, and sometimes haste makes waste. Pumping the first time, because a larger pipe resistance, and you should slow pumping, pumping normal, may be appropriate to improve pumping speed. When plugging a sign or a car slump of concrete is small, low-speed pump should be plugging nipped in the bud. Inadequate control over feeding amount 1.3 Pumping, the operator must be ready to observe more than expected in the hopper, not less than stirring shaft more than expected, if more than expected too little, easily inhaled air, resulting in plugging. Hopper in the feed can not heap too much, should be lower than the fence in order to facilitate timely clearance of coarse aggregate and large aggregate. When a car slump of concrete is small, I expected to be lower than the stirring shaft, control the "S" pipe or intake above to reduce the stirring resistance, swing resistance and inhalation resistance. This method only applies to "S" series of concrete pump valve. 1.4 The collapse of concrete measures taken do not spend hours Dangdang found a small bucket of concrete slump and can not pump, it should promptly let go of the concrete from the hopper bottom, if the temptation to save trouble, forced pumping easily cause plugging . Avoid mixing with water in the hopper. 1.5 downtime is too long During the shutdown, should be every 5 ~ 10min (depending on the specific time of day air temperature, concrete slump, concrete setting time may be) to open the pump once to prevent a pipe. The down time is too long, have been the initial setting of concrete, should not continue pumping. 1.6 channel is not clean Last pumping is completed, pipes not cleaned can cause plugging when the next pump. Therefore, completion of each pumping operation procedures must be in accordance with the pipes clean. 2, pipe connections causes of the blockade: Pipeline Connection errors can easily lead to plugging. To take over should follow the following principles: Piping should be minimum when the distance, at least the maximum elbow to elbow and piping to minimize transport resistance, thus reducing the possibility of pipe blockage. Pump outlet cone office, but not allowed to directly access pipe, at least access to more than 5mm straight tube, connect elbow. Pumping halfway over when you can only take one additional, and lubricate with water pipe wall, side by side to make the air, or easily cause plugging. Vertically down the pipeline, the exit of defensive isolation devices should be installed to prevent pipe blockage. High pumping, the level of the length of pipe should normally be not less than 15% of the length of the vertical pipe and horizontal pipe should access pipe valve. Down more than 5min, the valve should be closed to prevent the concrete back, resulting in plugging. Vertical by the horizontal transfer of the 90-degree bend when bending radius should be larger than 500mm. 3, concrete or mortar of segregation led to the blockade: Concrete or mortar when in contact with water are very vulnerable to segregation. Sometimes pumping mortar, they occur of the blockade, because mortar and direct contact with the water pipe, the mortar caused by segregation, the precautionary approach is: wet water pipe before the pump after the lowest point from the pipe-joint release, will let go all over the water, or pumping, the pumping mortar before, into a sponge ball, mortar and water will separate. Pipeline pumping finished cleaning, they should also put a sponge ball, water and concrete separately, otherwise easily cause plugging. 4, the local plasma leakage caused by the blockade: As the mortar leaks out, on the one hand affect the quality of concrete, on the other hand plasma leakage, it will lead to reduction of concrete slump and loss of pumping pressure, resulting in plugging. Leakage due mainly to the following: 4.1 pipeline joints Mifengbuyan Pipeline joints Mifengbuyan, pipe, or seal damage Kathan moving plasma leakage. You should tighten the control card or replace the seals. 4.2 glasses board and the gap between the cutting ring is too large Glasses plates and cutting ring wear serious, bigger gap between the two. When the gap is greater than% -, it should be shaped by adjusting the bolts to reduce the optical plate and cutting the gap between rings, if it has not adjusted to immediately replace worn parts. This method only applies to "S" series of concrete pump valve. 4.3 Pistons badly worn concrete Operators should always observe whether the muddy water in the tank, whether mortar, once the water has been found to have mortar or water turbidity that has been worn concrete piston, the piston should be replaced at this time, otherwise the pressure loss due to leakage caused by pulp and blocking tube, while also increasing the piston and cylinder wear transmission. 4.4 for concrete transport cylinder leakage caused severe slurry abrasion If after every change of the piston, the water tank quickly becomes turbid, and the piston is good, then that transport cylinder is worn and need replacement transport tanks at this time. 5, non-qualified pump concrete result of the blockade: Used for pumping concrete pump concrete must meet the requirements, not all can be used to pump concrete, non-qualified pump concrete pump machine will increase the wear and frequent blockage, burst pipes and so on. 5.1 Concrete collapse through large or too small Slump of concrete the size of a direct reflection of the concrete flow of good and bad, the transport resistance of concrete with the slump of the increases. Pumping Concrete Slump generally range 8 ~ 18cm, for distance and height of pumping large general should be strictly controlled at around 15cm. Collapse too small, will increase the delivery pressure, increased equipment wear, and lead to plugging. Collapse through large, easy to segregation of concrete under high pressure caused by plugging. 5.2 sand ratio is too small, coarse aggregate gradation unreasonable Aggregates by source can be divided into: river sand, artificial sand (ie sand), sand, sand, river sand to be one of the best pumps, pumping of sand to be the worst. Can be divided according to size of fine aggregate: coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, which can pump sand on the best. Can be divided according to the shape of coarse aggregate: gravel, crushed stone. Pebble's easy pumping in stone. The maximum aggregate size and the minimum diameter pipeline has the relationship between the maximum size of gravel should be less than 1 / 3 diameter, the largest stone size should be less than 1 / 4 diameter, or too easy to cause plugging. Because different materials, fine aggregate content (ie sand ratio), coarse aggregate gradation exists an optimum value. Typically, the sand ratio should not be too low, should be more than 40%, a large content of coarse aggregate size should not be too high. Rational selection of sand and to determine aggregate gradation, concrete pumping to improve the performance and management is essential to prevent blocking. 5.3 The amount of cement too little or too much Cement pumping concrete, from the cementation and lubrication, while cement has good water retention properties of the concrete in the pumping process is not easy bleeding, the amount of cement is also an optimum value, if the cement content is too small, will seriously affect the performance of concrete inhalation, while increasing resistance to pumping concrete, water retention worse, easily bleeding, segregation and the occurrence of plugging. Normally cement per cubic meter of concrete content should be more than 320Kg, but not too large, excessive use of cement will increase the viscosity of concrete, resulting in the increase of transport resistance. Also the shape of cement content and aggregate also has relations aggregate surface area, need to wrap water slurry should be more relevant to the greater content of cement. Therefore, to determine a reasonable amount of cement, to improve the pumpability of concrete to prevent pipe blockage is also important. 5.4 Selection of additives unreasonable Many different types of additives, such as: filling agent, reducing agent, superplasticizer, retarder, pumping agent, according to the strength requirements of concrete and cement varieties, rational selection of additives, to improve the concrete pumping performance play an important role. Unreasonable concrete admixture will be pumping and liquidity deteriorate, leading to plugging. 6, mortar, or with too little amount of lead than the failure of the blockade: 6.1 The amount of little mortar Because the first pump, the mixing console, mixing concrete delivery truck tanks, hoppers, pipelines should absorb some of the mortar, mortar usage if too few, will result in some pipes had not been lubricated, resulting in plugging. The correct amount of mortar pipe should be about 0.5m3 per 200m mortar terms, mixing console, hoppers, tanks and other concrete delivery trucks mixing mortar around about 0.2m3. Therefore, before pumping mortar must calculate the amount of good. Easy enough plugging mortar tubes, mortar too much concrete will affect the quality or cause unnecessary waste. 6.2 mortar mix failure Mortar mix is crucial. When the pipe length of less than 150m, the use of cement mortar 1:2 (1 cement / 2 mortar); when the channel length greater than 150m, the use of cement mortar 1:1 (1 cement / 1 mortar), would result in too little amount of cement plugging. 7, temperature changes lead to the blockade: High summer temperatures, strong sunlight in the pipeline, concrete easy to dehydration, leading to blockage, so in the pipeline should be stamped with wet straw bags or other cool items. Winter insulation measures should be taken to ensure the concrete's temperature. 8 Summary: The result above is a summary of several common causes of blocked tubes and preventive measures, in the actual production process, due to changes in external conditions, resulting in plugging of the reasons often more. But as long as we operate in strict accordance with operational procedures, to achieve a preventive measure, continually blocking the tube from each sum up experiences and lessons, we will be able to minimize the possibility of pipe blockage.