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本帖{zh1}由 lilywizardry 于 2010-4-29 17:13 编辑
Electric cars
电动汽车
Hub of the matter
焦点轮毂
Putting electric motors into the wheels of cars is the way forward
在车轮安装电动机是汽车未来的发展方向
Apr 22nd 2010 | From The Economist print edition
Porsche’s electric pioneer
保时捷的电动汽车创始人
THERE are many innovations turning up in the latest experimental and production electric cars, affecting everything from batteries to motors to control systems. The need to make them all work together is prompting a complete rethink about the way cars should be designed and manufactured, and it is unclear which technologies will dominate as the constraints imposed by internal combustion engines give way to the new limits and possibilities associated with electric propulsion. But one group of engineers have stuck their necks out and declared that a particular technology, the electric hub motor, is likely to become the most widely used drive system.
在{zx1}的电动汽车的生产与实验中，具有很大的创新，这些创新涉及到了从电池到发动机再到控制系统的所有元件。要让这些零件协调工作，必须要对汽车的设计与制造方法进行全盘考虑，而且目前仍然不清楚内燃机的一些主要技术缺陷是否会重新出现，还有他们之间可能的联系。但是有一组工程师坚持自己的观点，他们称一项特别的技术——电动轮毂电机，将会是未来普遍使用的驱动装置。
A hub motor, as its name suggests, is built into the hub of a wheel and drives it directly, rather than having a single motor driving the wheels via a mechanical transmission. It is an idea pioneered by Ferdinand Porsche, the founder of the carmaker of the same name, more than 100 years ago. Mr Porsche got his first job in the automotive business with Jacob Lohner in Vienna, and put electric motors into the hubs of the wheels of the Lohner-Porsche, a vehicle which made its debut at the 1900 World’s Fair in Paris. It was a hybrid car that relied on both batteries and a generator to produce electricity for its motors. Capable of more than 56kph (35mph), it also set a number of speed records.
顾名思义，轮毂电机就是将其安装在轮子的中心直接驱动，而不是利用机械传动系统带动单一的马达来驱动车轮。这是Ferdinand Porsche，这个以自己名字命名的保时捷汽车的创始人，在一百年前的创造性观点。保时捷先生与伙伴Jacob Lohner在维也纳首次将自己的研究应用在汽车上，他们将电动机安在叫诺拉山保时捷汽车的轮毂上，并在巴黎举办的世界博览会上首次亮相。这是一个奇混合型汽车，它可以通过电池和发电机为电机提供电流。他的速度可以达到56千米每小时（即35英里每小时），它也能进行一些速度记录。
At this week’s Deutsche Messe technology show in Hanover, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute displayed an electric vehicle which they are using as a test platform to investigate new vehicle systems. It includes electric hub motors, which they have developed to be markedly more powerful than any such motors currently available. The motors have all the necessary power and control systems integrated into the wheel hub, greatly reducing the number of connections between the hub motors and the rest of the vehicle.
在这周的德国汉诺威技术展上，Fraunhofer研究所的研究人员展示了一款电动汽车，这是他们作为测量新型汽车系统的平台。与目前普遍使用的轮毂电机相比，这款汽车在动力性能方面较有显著改提高。通过在轮子的中心安装所有系统必要的驱动和控制系统，大大的减少了轮毂电机和汽车其余部件之间的连接零件的数量。
Because hub motors can deliver power independently to each wheel, tricks like four-wheel-drive are possible. With software monitoring each wheel, stability and traction control can also be built-in. Besides dispensing with the traditional engine bay on a car, hub motors save space and weight because there is no need for a mechanical transmission, with its driveshafts and differential units.
由于轮毂电机能给独立的传递动力给每个轮子，这使四轮驱动的技术成为可能。通过软件对每个轮子的监控，稳定控制装置和牵引控制装置也可以嵌入车轮。此外，和传统的汽车发动机相比，由于没有机械传动装置中的传动轴和差动齿轮机构，轮毂发动机在空间占用和重量方面有很大的改善。
Some critics of the technology think having heavy electric motors in the wheels of cars will have a negative effect on vehicle handling. But Hermann Pleteit, a project manager with one of the 33 Fraunhofer research centres that have teamed up to work on the experimental car, says the chassis and many other parts of the vehicle can be configured in such a way to compensate for this.
一些这项技术的反对者认为，在汽车车轮中心安装一个重型的电动机将会对汽车性能产生负面的影响。但是Hermann Pleteit已经和33个研究机构之一的Fraunhofer研究所开始合作制造试验车，他称可以通过汽车地盘和其他零件的特殊配置方式来弥补这些缺陷。
Several carmakers and component suppliers are interested in hub motors. Michelin, for one, is developing a system it calls the Active Wheel. As well as an electric motor to drive the wheel, it contains a second electric motor to operate an active suspension system that is also built into the wheel hub. Michelin reckons this arrangement, which is now being tested in cars, could make other conventional parts, like shock absorbers, unnecessary.
一些汽车制造商和部件供应商对轮毂电机是很有兴趣的。其中之一就是Michelin，他们正在研究一种主动轮系统。同样是用电动机驱动车轮，但是除了驱动电机，这项设计还使用另一个安装在轮毂中心的电机控制主动悬浮系统。设计者设想这项安排（目前正在测试）将除去一些传统的零件，如减震器。
Such a wheel would, in effect, transform Michelin from being a tyremaker into an engine and suspension supplier as well. Many other such changes are coming for the companies in the automotive business, say the Fraunhofer engineers, because some parts will no longer be required for electric vehicles, but other new parts will be needed instead. So as electric propulsion takes hold, it will not just be the shape and the dynamics of the vehicles themselves that will change, but also those of automotive companies, too.
实际上，这项车轮研究也使Michelin公司从一个多类型制造商转化为发动机和悬挂系统供应者。工程师Fraunhofer说，由于电动车将用新的零件代替许多传统的零件，许多其他类似汽车公司的变化将在未来发生。因此，如果电力驱动系统能够被普遍适用，不仅汽车自身形式和力动力性能会发生改变，而且汽车公司同样会发生变化。 |
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