【Violin 小提琴】A stringed instrument played with a bow, having four strings tuned at intervals of a fifth, an unfretted fingerboard, and a shallower body than the viol and capable of great flexibility in range, tone, and dynamics.用弓演奏的一种弦乐器，具有在第五音的音程上调音的四根弦和不分格指板，形体较古提琴浅，音域、音色和强弱相当灵活。 【Viola 中提琴】A stringed instrument of the violin family, slightly larger than a violin, tuned a fifth lower, and having a deeper, more sonorous tone.提琴家族中的一种弦乐器，稍大于小提琴，调音比小提琴低五度，声音更为深沉、洪亮。 【Double bass 低音提琴或大贝司】The largest bowed stringed instrument in the modern orchestra, also used frequently in jazz ensembles, especially played pizzicato. The double bass, usually considered a member of the violin family, is tuned in fourths and has the sloping shoulders and flat back characteristic of the viols. It has a deep range beginning about three octaves below middle C.尤用于拨奏的现代管弦乐队的{zd0}弓弦乐器，也常用于爵士乐合奏。低音提琴通常被算作提琴类，定弦为第四级音，颈部倾斜和背平是低音提琴的特点。它有始于中音以下三个八度音阶的深度范围。
【harp 竖琴】An instrument consisting of an upright, open triangular frame with usually 46 strings of graded lengths played by plucking with the fingers.一种有一个通常系有四十六根长短不一的琴弦的直立的开放三角架、弹奏时用手指拨动琴弦的乐器。 【guitar 吉他】An instrument having a large, flat-backed sound box similar in shape to a violin, a long fretted neck, and usually six strings, played by strumming or plucking.一种具有大而平的音箱的乐器，形状与小提琴相似，琴颈长，通常有六根弦，为弹拨乐器。 【mandolin 曼陀林】An instrument with a usually pear-shaped body and a fretted neck over which several pairs of strings are stretched.常是梨形琴身，在有格纹的琴颈上装有几组供挑拨的琴弦。 【Bass 】爵士常用乐器，它在中主要担任低音声部，有时也作即兴独奏。传统爵士乐一般都采用原声贝司（即低音提琴）来体现它的原始风味。而在现代爵士乐（特别是）中经常运用或中的合成贝司音色来增加它的现代感。"行进贝司"（Walking Bass）是爵士乐中最有特色的一种演奏方式，即在稳定的节奏基础上作和弦分解进行。它是根据弦贝斯（低音提琴）的定弦，和吉他的结构原理所制造出来的。也就是说，它是按照低音提琴所定弦的一把。
（1）唇鸣类：（Flute）、（Piccolo）； 【flute 长笛】Also called: transverse flute. A high-pitched woodwind instrument consisting of a slender tube closed at one end with keys and finger holes on the side and an opening near the closed end across which the breath is blown.由一根一端封闭的纤细管子组成的高音木管乐器，侧边有按键和指孔，靠近封闭端有一个使气流进入的开口。 （2）簧鸣类：（Clarinet）、（Oboe）、（English Horn）、（Bassoon）、 （Saxophone）。 【bassoon或fogotto 大管】A low-pitched woodwind instrument with a double reed, having a long wooden body attached to a U-shaped lateral tube that leads to the mouthpiece. The range of this instrument is typically two octaves lower than that of the oboe.巴松管，低音管一种低调的有双簧的木管乐器，有长的木质管身并与通向吹口的侧面管身相连，这种乐器的音域范围比双簧管明显的低两个八音度。
【double bassoon 低音大管】The largest and lowest pitched of the double-reed wind instruments, sounding an octave below the bassoon.双簧管系管乐器中音高{zd1}的也是{zd0}的乐器，比低音管的音高低一个八度。
【Saxophone （1）铜管乐器：（Trumpet）、（Cornet）、长号（Trombone）、（French Horn）、 （Tuba）。 【trumpet 小号】A soprano brass wind instrument consisting of a long metal tube looped once and ending in a flared bell, the modern type being equipped with three valves for producing variations in pitch.一种高音铜管乐器，由一根从前为环状的金属管和呈喇叭口得末端构成，现代小号上装有三个活瓣以制造不同的音高。 【cornet 短号】A wind instrument of the trumpet class, having three valves operated by pistons. 【trombone 长号】A brass instrument consisting of a long cylindrical tube bent upon itself twice, ending in a bell-shaped mouth, and having a movable U-shaped slide for producing different pitches.一种铜管乐器，由弯曲两次的长圆筒形金属管构成，尾部有喇叭形口，有一个可滑动的U形拉管，可发出不同音高的音。 【horn或French horn 圆号或法国圆号】A valved brass wind instrument that produces a mellow tone from a long, narrow tube that is coiled in a circle before ending in a flaring bell.一种有活瓣的铜管乐器，从漩涡形且端部有喇叭口的又长又细的管子里发出圆润的乐音。 键盘乐器：（Piano）、（Organ）、（Piano Accordion）、 （Electronic Keyboard）。 【piano 钢琴】An instrument with a manual keyboard actuating hammers that strike wire strings, producing sounds that may be softened or sustained by means of pedals.一种乐器，用手操作键盘驱动打击钢丝线产生声音，可以通过踏瓣的方式调轻声音或使之持续不断。 【organ 风琴】An instrument consisting of a number of pipes that sound tones when supplied with air and a keyboard that operates a mechanism controlling the flow of air to the pipes.一种由一定数量的靠输送气流发声的管子和一个操纵机械装置以使气流通过管子的键盘构成的乐器。 【harpsichord 羽管键琴】A stringed instrument resembling a grand piano but usually having two keyboards and two or more strings for each note and producing tones by the plucking of strings with plectra.一种卧式竖琴型或梯形的键盘乐器，类似三角钢琴，但通常有两层键盘（部分为一层，及其个别亦有三层）和两套或更多的弦（每套发出不同音质的音），通过羽管或皮制拨子（拨子连接一顶重器，一般为一根直立的木杆）拨弦，赖琴键内端推动发声。
乐器的敲击、摩擦、摇晃来发出声音。可不要认为打击乐器仅能起加强乐曲力度、提示音乐节奏的作用，事实上，有相当多的打击乐器能作为旋律乐器使用呢！现代管弦乐队里增加了很多非洲、里的音色奇异的打击乐器，几乎无法xx罗列。 （1）有调打击乐器：（Timpani）、（Xylophone）、钢片琴（Celesta）、管钟（TUBULAR BELLS）等； 【kettle drums或timpani 】定音鼓善击滚音、顿音和诸种节奏音型。常多用海绵或绒质的软槌击奏,其音色雄厚、圆润,稍有余音;也有用皮子包头的硬槌击奏,其音质脆硬,毫无余音;更罕有的是用木制的鼓槌,其音色千周分裂,实例如美籍俄人作曲家斯特。 【xylophone 木琴】A percussion instrument consisting of a mounted row of wooden bars graduated in length to sound a chromatic scale, played with two small mallets.一种打击乐器，由逐级加长的一排排镶嵌的木棒组成，并发出半音音阶，用两个小木槌敲击。 【glockenspiel 钟琴】A percussion instrument with a series of metal bars tuned to the chromatic scale and played with two light hammers.按半音阶调准的分级金属棒构成的打击乐器，用两个轻槌击奏。
（2）无调打击乐器：（Snare Drum）、大鼓（Bass Drum）、（Triangle）、（Tambourine）、 （Castanets）、（Maracas）、（Cymbals）、（Gong）。 【side drum 】我们常用Side Drum(边鼓)作为小鼓的另一名称是因为早期小鼓原是用于行军。而背鼓的方式就是将小鼓背于身体的侧边，故称之为。就小鼓的尺寸而言，通常鼓面的直径约14inch而深度为6inch。鼓壳为金属材质或木头材质。小鼓的正面称为敲击面，反面称为响弦面。鼓皮架在鼓框而用螺栓穿过小鼓侧边如把手的东西(Lug)固定住。 【bass drum 大鼓】A large drum having a cylindrical body and two heads and producing a low, resonant sound.一种大鼓，有个圆筒形鼓身和两个面，并能发出低沉的、共鸣的声音。 【tambourine 铃鼓】An instrument consisting of a small drumhead with jingling disks that are fitted into the rim. It is shaken with one hand and struck with the other.小手鼓，一种由边缘嵌有能叮当作响的小金属片的小鼓面构成的一种乐器，演奏时人们一只手摇它而另一只手敲它。 |
