虽然燃料电池，这个词在时间前面的人似乎并没有持续多久，但它的历史已经超过100年前可以追溯到。 1889年，LudwigMond和CharlesLanger两名化学家要使用空气和工业气体在其中创建一个实际的设备可以提供电源，“燃料电池”作为自己的发明诞生了。在20世纪60年代兴起的现代燃料电池技术，航天飞机，以便找到高性能的功率器件，美国航天局与通用电气公司合作开发的燃料电池的{dy}个现代意义-质子交换膜燃料电池，这是燃料电池商业化的开始。自那时以来，经过40多年的发展，燃料较富裕的家庭细胞人丁，并在各种应用领域。

燃料电池的原理和特点

依赖于氢燃料电池入水反应产生电力，因此不会产生氮氧化物在质子交换膜燃料电池的电解质
是一个薄聚合物膜如聚，[全氟甲基]酸
碱性电解质燃料电池的水溶液或氢氧化钾稳定矩阵使用，并且与羟基电化学反应
这个电池使用液体作为电解液磷酸，比质子交换膜燃料电池和碱性燃料的工作温度电池工作温度稍高一些，大约150?200℃，它必须是铂电极催化剂，加快反应。它的阳极和阴极反应和质子交换膜燃料电池，但由于其工作温度较高，所以它的比质子交换膜燃料电池阴极阴极反应速度快。

熔融碳酸盐燃料电池（MCFC）

熔融碳酸盐燃料电池用熔融锂碳酸钾或锂作为电解质碳酸钠。当温度加热到650℃，这种盐融化，导致在碳酸盐离子，在阳极和阴极流，与氢结合生成水，二氧化碳和电子。电子和通过一个外部电路回到阴极，在这个过程中产生。

固体氧化物燃料电池
固体氧化物燃料电池操作比熔融碳酸盐燃料电池的温度还要高，如与钇的氧化使用温度稳定，如固态电解质氧化锆陶瓷，在没有电解液的使用， 。其在800?1000℃工作温度。
在这个燃料电池的氧离子时，从阴极移动到阳极，
，使氧化燃料气体（主要是氢气和一氧化碳的混合物）来产生能量。阳极产生一个通过一个外部电路向阴极移动，以减少对氧气进入电子报税表，从而完成循环。

发展状况
由于能源和环境
的因素，所有国家和地区加紧开发自己的燃料电池项目。但是，由于国情不同，重点也非常不同。

燃料电池，是以美国27必须发展技术之一，质子交换膜燃料电池还有一点。为此，美国政府已成立了氢，燃料电池和基础设施技术办公室。与此同时，美国企业和投资基金种类等也都在燃料电池项目，使很多的投入。

日本的燃料电池，美国不平平，在政府科技投入的逐年提高。日本已经开发供公众使用的电力部门，包括磷酸燃料电池（PAFC）的几种燃料电池达到了“发电站”的阶段。同时，有一些小规模的燃料电池发电装置的大量使用是在医院，酒店，宾馆中。

在过去10年欧洲联盟通过了汽车行业和燃料电池技术开发框架计划，提供了大量的研发支持。欧盟也日益热衷于燃料电池汽车的示范项目，但与美国和日本的高度重视，空中客车公司作为一种模式，并着重于运输大量申请。

中国汽车燃料电池的研究已经有了良好的开端。 “十五”期间，该国的电动车出863计划，并作为12个主要科学和技术的国家，一个特殊的确定。还与全球环境基金/联合国开发计划署中国成立燃料电池合作项目，共提供了约19,800美元的财政支持。通过科学的研究，已开发出100千瓦及以上的几十个燃料电池汽车动力系统，以改善发挥了积极的推动作用。

之一，世界上{dy}个固体氧化物燃料电池/燃气轮机在尔湾分校的美国国家燃料电池研究中心城市大学，加州的混合动力系统上运行。从固体氧化物燃料电池系统，220千瓦，而总功率200千瓦。该系统的开发，运行不仅对燃料注入一针肥手臂打开，而且越来越多的问题所面临的能源提供了新的解决方案创意的世界。

Unlimited potential of fuel cells

Although the fuel cell, the term appears in front of the time people did not last long, but its history has been more than 100 years ago can be traced back to the. In 1889, LudwigMond and CharlesLanger two chemists want to use air and industrial gas to create a practical device can provide power, “fuel cells” in it as their invention was born. The rise of the modern fuel cell technology in the 20th century, 60s, to the space shuttle in order to find high-performance power devices, NASA cooperation with the GE company developed the first modern sense of the fuel cells - proton exchange membrane fuel cell, which is fuel cell the beginning of commercialization. Since then, after 40 years of development, fuel cell人丁of the more prosperous family, and also across the various application areas.

fuel cell principles and characteristics of

are relying on hydrogen fuel cells into the reaction of water to generate electricity and therefore does not produce nitrogen oxides
in the proton exchange membrane fuel cells electrolyte is a thin polymer membrane, such as poly [perfluoro methyl] acid
alkaline electrolyte fuel cell used for the aqueous solution or potassium hydroxide stability matrix, and the electrochemical reaction with the hydroxyl
this battery use liquid phosphoric acid as electrolyte, the working temperature than the proton exchange membrane fuel cells and alkaline fuel cell operating temperature is slightly higher, at around 150 ~ 200 ℃, it has to be platinum electrode catalyst to accelerate the reaction. Its anode and cathode reactions and proton exchange membrane fuel cell, but because of its higher operating temperature, so its reaction on the cathode faster than proton exchange membrane fuel cell cathode faster.

molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)

molten carbonate fuel cell using molten lithium-potassium carbonate or lithium sodium carbonate as the electrolyte. When the temperature is heated to 650 ℃, this salt will melt, resulting in carbonate ions, the flow of the anode from the cathode, combine with hydrogen to generate water, carbon dioxide and electronic. Electronic And through an external circuit back to the cathode, generating in the process.

solid oxide fuel cell
solid oxide fuel cell operating temperature than the molten carbonate fuel cell’s temperature even higher, such as with the use of oxidation of yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics, such as solid-state electrolyte, without the use of liquid electrolyte. Its operating temperature at between 800 ~ 1000 ℃.

in this fuel cell, when the oxygen cations moving from the cathode to the anode, so that oxidation of fuel gas (mainly a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) to generate energy. Anode to generate an electronic return through an external circuit to the cathode move to reduce the access to oxygen, thus completing the cycle.

development status

because of energy and environmental considerations, all countries and regions have stepped up to develop their own fuel cell program. However, because different national conditions, the focus is also very different.

fuel cell was set at 27 of the United States must develop a technical one, and the proton exchange membrane fuel cell is one more point. To this end, the United States Government has set up hydrogen, fuel cells and infrastructure technologies office. At the same time, American businesses and a variety of investment funds are also on the fuel cell project to give a lot of input.

Japan’s fuel cell The United States no less than enthusiastic, the Government of the technology inputs improve year by year. Japan has already developed several kinds of fuel cells for public use of the electricity sector, including phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) has reached the “power station” stage. At the same time, there are a large number of small-scale fuel cell power generation device was used in hospitals, hotels, guesthouses Medium.

the European Union in the past 10 years, through the Framework Program of the automotive industry and fuel cell technology development provides a substantial R & D support. The EU is also increasingly keen on fuel cell vehicle demonstration projects, but unlike the United States and Japan attach great importance to Airbus as a model, and to focus on a large number of transport applications.

China automotive fuel cell research has had a good start. “Tenth Five-Year” period, the electric vehicles in the country out of 863 planned, and was identified as 12 major scientific and technological country, one special. China also with the Global Environment Facility / United Nations Development Program set up fuel cell cooperation projects, together provide about 19,800 U.S. dollars of financial support. Through scientific research, has developed dozens of 100kW and above the fuel cell power system for the vehicle to improve play a positive role in promoting.

one the world’s first SOFC / gas turbine hybrid systems in the University of California at Irvine City of the United States National Fuel Cell Research Center operates. The system total power for 220kW, which 200kW from the SOFC. Development of the system, run not only to the fuel injected fat open one needle arm, but also to the growing problems facing the energy provided the world with a new solution ideas. (07-11-19)