译文：
1、填料函泄漏 这是跑、冒、滴、漏的主要方面，在工厂里经常见到。 产生填料函泄漏的原因有下列几点： ①填料与工作介质的腐蚀性、温度、压力不相适应； ②装填方法不对，尤其是整根填料盘旋放入，最易产生泄漏； ③阀杆加工精度或表面光洁度不够，或有椭圆度，或有刻痕； ④阀杆已发生点蚀，或因露天缺乏保护而生锈； ⑤阀杆弯曲； ⑥填料使用太久，已经老化； ⑦操作太猛。 xx填料泄漏的方法是： ①正确选用填料； ②按正确的进行装填； ③阀杆加工不合格的，要修理或更换，表面光洁度{zd1}要达到▽5，较重要的，要达到▽8以上，且无其他缺陷； ④采取保护措施，防止锈蚀，已经锈蚀的要更换； ⑤阀杆弯曲要校直或更新； ⑥填料使用一定时间后，要更换； ⑦操作要注意平稳，缓开缓关，防止温度剧变或介质冲击。 2、关闭件泄漏 通常将填料函泄漏叫做外泄，把关闭件叫做内泄。关闭件泄漏，在阀门里面，不易发现。 关闭件泄漏，可分两类：一类是密封面泄漏，另一类是密封圈根部泄漏。 引起泄漏的原因有： ①密封面研磨得不好； ②密封圈与阀座、阀瓣配合不严紧； ③阀瓣与阀杆连接不牢靠； ④阀杆弯扭，使上下关闭件不对中； ⑤关闭太快，密封面接触不好或早已损坏； ⑥材料选择不当，经受不住介质的腐蚀； ⑦将截止阀、闸阀作调节阀使用。密封面经受不住高速流动介质的冲蚀； ⑧某些介质，在阀门关闭后逐渐冷却，使密封面出现细缝，也会产生冲蚀现象； ⑨某些密封面与阀座、阀瓣之间采用螺纹连接，容易产生氧浓差电池，腐蚀松脱； ⑩因焊渣、铁锈、尘土等杂质嵌入，或生产系统中有机械零件脱落堵住阀芯，使阀门不能关严。 预防办法有： ①使用前必须认真试压试漏，发现密封面泄漏或密封圈根部泄漏，要处理好后再使用； ②要事先检查阀门各部件是否完好，不能使用阀杆弯扭或阀瓣与阀杆连接不可靠的阀门； ③阀门关紧要使稳劲，不要使猛劲，如发现密封面之间接触不好或有挡碍，应立即开启稍许，让杂物流出，然后再细心关紧； ④选用阀门时，不但要考虑阀体的耐腐蚀性，而且要考虑关闭件的耐腐蚀性； ⑤要按照阀门的结构特性，正确使用，需要调节流量的部件应该采用调节阀； ⑥对于关阀后介质冷却且温差较大的情况，要在冷却后再将阀门关紧一下； ⑦阀座、阀瓣与密封圈采用螺纹连接时，可以用聚四氟乙烯带作螺纹间的填料，使其没有空隙； ⑧有可能掉入杂质的阀门，应在阀前加过滤器。 3、阀杆升降失灵 阀杆升降失灵的原因有： ①操作过猛使螺纹损伤； ②缺乏润滑或润滑剂失效； ③阀杆弯扭； ④表面光洁度不够； ⑤配合公差不准，咬得过紧； ⑥阀杆螺母倾斜； ⑦材料选择不当，例如阀杆和阀杆螺母为同一材质，容易咬住； ⑧螺纹被介质腐蚀（指暗杆阀门或阀杆螺母在下部的阀门）； ⑨露天阀门缺乏保护，阀杆螺纹沾满尘砂，或者被雨露霜雪所锈蚀。 预防的方法： ①精心操作，关闭时不要使猛劲，开启时不要到上死点，开够后将手轮倒转一两圈，使螺纹上侧密合，以免介质推动阀杆向上冲击； ②经常检查润滑情况，保持正常的润滑状态； ③不要用长杠杆开闭阀门，习惯使用短杠杆的工人要严格控制用力分寸，以防扭弯阀杆（指手轮和阀杆直接连接的阀门）； ④提高加工或修理质量，达到规范要求； ⑤材料要耐腐蚀，适应工作温度和其他工作条件； ⑥阀杆螺母不要采用与阀杆相同的材质； ⑦采用塑料作阀杆螺母时，要验算强度，不能只考虑耐腐蚀性好和摩擦系数小，还须考虑强度问题，强度不够就不要使用； ⑧露天阀门要加阀杆保护套； ⑨常开阀门，要定期转动手轮，以免阀杆锈住。 4、其他 垫圈泄漏： 主要原因是不耐腐蚀，不适应工作温度和工作压力；还有高温阀门的温度变化。预防方法：采用与工作条件相适应的垫圈，对新阀门要检查垫圈材质是否适合，如不适合就应更换。对于高温阀门，要在使用时再紧一遍螺栓。 阀体开裂： 一般冰冻造成的。天冷时，阀门要有保温伴热措施，否则停产后应将阀门及连接管路中的水排干净（如有阀底丝堵，可打开丝堵排水）。 手轮损坏： 撞击或长杠杆猛力操作所致。只要操作人员和其他有关人员注意，便可避免。 填料压盖断裂： 压填料时用力不均匀，或压盖（一般是铸铁）有缺陷。压紧填料，要对称地旋转螺丝，不可偏歪。制造时不仅要注意大件和关键件，也要注意压盖之类次要件，否则影响使用。 阀杆与阀板连接失灵： 闸阀采用阀杆长方头与闸板T形槽连接的形式较多，T形槽内有时不加工，因此使阀杆长方头磨损较快。主要从制造方面来解决。但使用单位也可对T形槽进行补加工，让它有一定的光洁度。 双闸板阀门的闸板不能压紧密封面： 双闸板的张力是靠顶楔产生的，有些闸阀，顶楔材质不佳（低牌号铸铁），使用不久便磨损或折断。顶楔是个小件，所用材料不多，使用单位可以用碳钢自行制作，换下原有的铸铁件。

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原文：
1, packing leak letter This is a running, take, dripping, leaking main areas, in factories often seen. Produced stuffing leaking because of the following points: ① filler and work of the corrosive medium, temperature, pressure, incompatible; ② loading wrong way, especially on the whole circle into the root filling, the most easy to produce leakage; ③ stem or surface finish machining precision is not enough, or ellipse, or notch; ④ stem pitting has occurred, or the lack of protection due to open rust; ⑤ stem bending; ⑥ filler used for too long, have become obsolete; ⑦ operating too fast. Eliminating packing leakage is: ① the correct selection of filler; ② the proper conduct of filling; ③ stem process failed to repair or replace, the surface finish to achieve a minimum ▽ 5, more important, to achieve ▽ 8 or more, and no other defects; ④ to take protective measures to prevent corrosion, has corroded to be replaced; ⑤ stem bending to straightening or update; ⑥ filling materials used by a certain time, to be replaced; ⑦ operator should pay attention to steady, slow to open slowly off to prevent the drastic changes in temperature or medium impact. 2, close the piece leak Usually called the leak leak stuffing to close the piece is called in to vent. Off pieces of leakage, the valve inside, not easy to find. Off pieces of leakage, can be divided into two categories: one is sealing surface leakage, the other is the root of leaking seals. Caused by leakage of reasons: ① poorly sealing surface grinding; ② seal with the valve seat, valve flaps do not meet the stringent; ③ valve flap and valve stem connection is not solid; ④ stem bending and torsion, so from top to bottom off pieces of misalignment; ⑤ off too quickly, sealing surface contact with poor or already damaged; ⑥ material selection properly, unable to withstand the corrosive medium; ⑦ will be cut-off valve, gate valve for regulating the use of. Sealing surface being unable to withstand the assault of high-speed flow of medium; ⑧ certain media, a gradual cooling in the valve closed, so that there slit sealing surface, there would be erosion phenomena; ⑨ some sealing surface and the valve seat, valve flap between the use of threaded connections, easy to produce oxygen concentration cell, corrosion loose; ⑩ because of welding slag, rust, dust and other impurities embedded in, or production system has mechanical parts off block valve core, so that the valve could not close Yan. Precautionary approach are: ① pressure test prior to use must be carefully leak testing and found that the root ring sealing surface spills or leaks, properly handle after use; ② To check beforehand whether the various components of the valve intact, can not use the stem bending and torsion or valve flap and the valve stem connection is not reliable; ③ valves is crucial to stability strong, and not to Meng Jin, if found good contact between the sealing surface obstruct or block should be immediately opened a little bit, so that debris flow, and then carefully closed tightly; ④ selection valve, not only to consider the body's resistance to corrosion, but also to consider closing parts of the corrosion resistance; ⑤ In accordance with the structural characteristics of the valve, the proper use of the components necessary to readjust the flow control valve should be used; ⑥ off valve for the cooling medium and, after a large temperature difference between the situation, to cool and then look at the valve tightly closed; ⑦ valve seat, valve flap and seal with screw connection, you can use Teflon tape for threaded between the filler, so there is no gap; ⑧ impurities may fall into the valve, the valve should be added before the filter. 3, stem lift failure Stem lift failure reasons: ① Operation excessive to thread damage; ② a lack of lubrication or lubricant failure; ③ stem bending and torsion; ④ surface finish is not enough; ⑤ with the tolerances allowed, gets the tight; ⑥ stem nut tilt; ⑦ improper choice of materials, such as the stem and stem nut for the same material, easy to bite; ⑧ thread is medium corrosion (refer to the dark bar at the bottom of the valve or the valve stem nut); ⑨ lack of protection of an open-air valves, valve stem thread covered with dust and sand, or being corroded by frost and rain. Prevention methods: ① meticulous operation, closed, not to Meng Jin, Do not turn to top dead center, open-hand wheel will be enough to reverse a couple of laps, so that screw on the side close together so as to avoid the impact of media to promote stem upward; ② lubrication of regular checks to maintain the normal lubrication conditions; ③ Do not use a long lever opening and closing valves, the workers used to a short lever to strictly control the force measured, to prevent torsional bending stem (referring to the hand wheel and stem directly connected to the valve); ④ increase processing or repair quality, and meet regulatory requirements; ⑤ corrosion-resistant materials to meet the working temperature and other working conditions; ⑥ stem and stem nut not to use the same material; ⑦ plastic to make stem nut, make checking strength, good corrosion resistance can not only take into account and the friction coefficient is small, must consider the intensity of the problem, the intensity is not enough, do not use; ⑧ open the valve stem to increase the protection cover; ⑨ Normally open valves, handwheel a regular basis in order to avoid stem rust to live. 4, other Washer leak: The main reason is impatience corrosion is not suitable for working temperature and working pressure; there is high temperature valves. Prevention Methods: The working conditions compatible with the gasket on the new valve to check the suitability of gasket material, such as unsuitable to be replaced. For the high-temperature valve, to use it again another tight bolts. Body cracking: Generally caused by freezing. Cold weather, the valve must be accompanied by thermal insulation measures, otherwise the valve should be halted and the connecting pipe clean water in the row (if any valve at the end of wire blocking, open wire blocking drainage). Hand wheel damaged: Impact due to operation or long-lever vigorously. As long as operators and other relevant officers that could have been avoided. Packing Gland Rupture: When filling uneven pressure force, or gland (usually cast iron) was flawed. Pressed fillers, to symmetrically rotating screws, non-skew. The time of manufacture not only pay attention to large and critical parts and pay attention to the Class of gland elements, or affect the use. Stem and the valve plate connection failure: Valve using stem rectangular head and the damper in the form of T-shaped slot to connect more, T-shaped slots are not always processed, thus allowing stem rectangular head wear faster. Mainly from manufacturing to resolve. However, units can also use the T-shaped slot to fill processing, it has a certain degree of finish. Shuangzha pressure plate of the valve gate can not close the cover: Shuangzha board tension is generated by the top wedge, some valve, the top wedge material poor (low-grade cast iron), using the soon wear or break. The top wedge is a small pieces of materials used much, and use their own can be carbon steel production, replaced the original cast iron pieces.