译文：
适当提高铁液碳当量，提高砂型强度；提高铁液初始浇注温度，选择碳钢、普通灰铸铁或球墨铸铁回炉料作原料；减少铁液自身含气量，防止砂芯吸潮和底板产生变形；以及固定好砂芯，改进滤网结构，提高挡渣效果是保证阀门铸件质量和提高其生产效率的有效途径。 阀门铸件是铸件中的主导产品之一，市场年需求量很大。但由于生产原料涨价，使生产成本大幅提高；生产效率相对其他铸件来说较低及废品率较高等因素，严重影响了阀门铸件的产出。某厂2005年生产阀门铸件2000多t，综合废品近170t，废品率8％以上。我们通过对该厂阀门铸件产生缺陷的情况进行数据分析，找出了主要的致废原因，并对其进行系列改善，取得了良好效果，确保了阀门铸件生产的合格率，提高了产品质量。 1.改进前阀门铸件废品情况统计 2005年，某厂生产阀门铸件2083.05t，内废率为3.54％、外废率为4.58％。 可以看出，造成阀门内废的缺陷相对比较集中，主要缺陷是砂眼、夹砂、渣孔和气孔，共产生废品60.79t，占内废总量的82.44％。 从表2可以看出，造成阀门外废的缺陷相对比较分散。主要缺陷有缩孔、缩松、砂眼、夹砂、渣孔、气孔和尺寸不良，共产生废品75．46t，占外废总量的79.10％。 从表1和表2综合来看，造成阀门废品的主要原因是缩孔、缩松、渣孔、砂眼、夹砂和气孔，合计致废149.04t，占废品总量的88.17％。 2.废品主要缺陷的成因分析 (1) 熔化设备对铁液成分的保障能力较差和混砂设备的稳定性不好。铁液成分受焦炭、炉型、风量、原料状况等多种因素制约；树脂砂受温度、树脂和酸加入量等因素影响。如砂子经常不经过再生和冷却床，使砂子温度很高，严重影响了砂型强度，导致铸件胀砂严重，增加了铸件产生缩孔、缩松缺陷倾向。 (2)型腔中的散砂和浇注过程中铁液的冲击直接导致砂眼和夹砂缺陷。 (3)铁液在熔化设备中总会有渣生成，浇注时铁液中的固态和液态渣随铁液一起进入型腔形成渣孔。 (4)在生产过程中，铁液中的氮含量随着温度的升高而增加，随着碳当量的提高而降低，当氮和氢在一起时，便容易形成气孔，这是气孔的主要来源。 (5)模底板刚性较差，造型前放置不平而变形，导致砂型分型面不平，合型时上下型分型面处间隙较大，造成分型面处尺寸、形状不良。 (6)2.2m阀体支脚处砂芯在浇注过程中向下漂移，是支脚处上下壁厚不均的主要原因。 3.改进措施 根据阀门铸件缺陷的成因，我们主要从以下几个方面采取了改进措施： (1)适当提高铁液碳当量，利用石墨化膨胀增强材质的自补缩能力。 (2)舂箱时保证型砂的紧实度，提高砂型强度，促进铸件自补缩能力。 (3)合型前将型腔内的散砂吹干净，并对型腔内进行仔细检查。 (4)现场浇注后遗留下未浇注的阀体砂型，其浇口杯和出气孔要盖严实，防止散砂进入。 (5) 浇注前将铁液表面的固态渣清干净；提高铁液初始浇注温度，降低铁液产生二次氧化渣的倾向；阀门铸件尽量安排在开炉后初期浇注，减少包衬在多次使用后产生大量的稀薄渣；针对610mm(24in)F体阀门，对于横浇道搭接处，结合浇注时的其他参数，在进出口处均安置过滤网，并将多片搭接式纤维过滤网改进为单片式，以提高浇注系统的挡渣效果。 (6)原料尽量使用碳钢、普通灰铸铁或球墨铸铁回炉料；降低铁液中的合金元素如Cr、Mn等含量，减少铁液自身含气量；将下芯前的砂芯全部架空刷涂料且限期存放，以防砂芯吸潮；在阴雨天或湿度较大的季节，下芯前{zh0}用喷灯将型腔、砂芯表面烘烤一遍，以减少砂型发气量；采用高温浇注小阀门，以利于铁液自身排气和减少铸渣产生。 (7)浇注1067mm(42in)F体阀门时，要求在固定混砂机前的同一个底板上舂上、下型，且底板上不得有任何杂物；不允许在别的地放，以减少变差来源；禁止将砂型和模底板一起吊运，防止底板产生变形。 (8)浇注2.2n，阀体时，在支脚砂芯的芯头上放适量的树脂砂，并尽快合型。 4.改进后阀门铸件废品情况统计分析 采取上述改进措施后，对阀门铸件的废品情况缺陷类型统计见表3(内废)和表4(外废)。全年共生产阀门2413.78t，内废率为1.15％、外废率为1.73％，综合废品率为2.88％。 5.结语 从以上统计可以看出，阀门铸件改进前与改进后产生的废品率相比，内废率下降了2.39个百分点，外废率下降了2.85个百分点，综合废品率下降了5.24个百分点，效果显著。采取改进措施后，阀门生产降废共节约成本56.92万元，取得了良好的经济效益。

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原文：
Appropriately increasing the molten iron of carbon equivalent, raising sand strength; increased the initial pouring temperature of molten iron, select carbon steel, ordinary gray cast iron or ductile iron as raw material back to BURDEN; reducing its molten iron-containing gas to prevent the sand core to absorb moisture and the bottom deformation ; and fixed the sand core, improved filter structure, improve slag effect is to ensure that the valve castings to improve their production quality and the efficient and effective way. Valve Casting is casting the leading one of the products, the market demand for a great year. But because the producer prices of raw materials, so that a substantial increase in the cost of production; production efficiency is relatively low compared to other castings, and a high rejection rate and other factors have seriously affected the output of the valve casting. In 2005 a factory producing the valve casting more than 2000 t, an integrated waste nearly 170t, reject rate more than 8%. Through the valve casting defects in manufacturing the case for data analysis to identify the main reasons caused by waste, and its series of improvements carried out and achieved good results, ensuring the passing rate of valve castings to improve the product quality. 1. To improve the situation before the valve castings waste statistics in 2005, a factory producing Valve Casting 2083.05t, waste rate of 3.54% within and outside the waste rate is 4.58%. As can be seen, resulting in valve defects within the waste is relatively concentrated, the main defect is trachoma, gravel, slag holes and holes, a total waste generated 60.79t, accounting for 82.44% of the total within the waste. As can be seen from Table 2, resulting in defects in the valve outside the waste is relatively dispersed. There are major shortcomings of shrinkage, shrinkage, trachoma, gravel, slag hole, pore size and bad, a total waste generated 75.46t, accounting for 79.10% of total foreign waste. From Table 1 and Table 2 Taken together, causing the valve waste is mainly due to shrinkage, shrinkage, slag hole, trachoma, coarse pores and a total waste caused 149.04t, accounting for 88.17% of total waste. 2. Scrap major causes of defect analysis (1) melting equipment, liquid components of iron and sand less able to protect the stability of poor equipment. Iron melt composition by the coke, furnace, air volume, condition and other factors, raw material constraints; resin sand by the temperature, the amount of resin and acid, adding such factors. If sand is often not through the regeneration and cooling bed, so that sand temperature is high, seriously affecting the strength of sand, causing sand casting serious inflation, an increase of castings produced shrinkage Shrinkage defect orientation. (2) The cavity in the loose sand and pouring molten iron during the impact of a direct result of trachoma, and meets a certain shortcomings. (3) iron liquid slag melting equipment there is always generated when pouring molten iron in the solid and liquid slag into the mold cavity along with the formation of liquid iron slag hole. (4) In the production process, the nitrogen content in liquid iron as the temperature increased, with the increase of carbon equivalent decreases, when the nitrogen and hydrogen together, it is easy to form pores, which is the main pore来源. (5) rigid bottom die poor, deformed shape before placing uneven, resulting in uneven sand parting, when combined model-based classification of the upper and lower surface of the large gap, resulting in sub-type surface of the size, shape, bad. (6) 2.2m valve legs at sand core in the casting process of downward drift is at the upper and lower legs of the main reasons for the uneven wall thickness. 3. Improvements According to the causes of valve casting defect, we are mainly taken from the following improvements: (1) appropriately increasing the iron liquid carbon equivalent expansion of the use of graphite materials to enhance the ability of self-feeding. (2) Chung assured me of compaction sand, sand to improve strength, promote self-feeding capacity of castings. (3) All types of casual cavity prior to blowing sand clean, and carefully check the cavity. (4) The aftermath left the scene without casting sand mold casting of the body, its gate Cup and out of holes to cover JANSEN, to prevent the scattered sand entering. (5) before pouring molten iron surface of the solid residue clean and clear; increased the initial pouring temperature of molten iron, molten iron to reduce the tendency to generate secondary oxidation slag; valve casting as far as possible the initial period after casting in open furnace to reduce the bag lining in the resulting from repeated use of a large number of thin slag; for the 610mm (24in) F body of the valve, for cross-runner lap by integrating pouring when other parameters are placed in the Import and Export Department, filters, and multi-chip lap fiber-filters to improve as a single type, to improve the effect of pouring slag system. (6) of raw materials to make use of carbon steel, ordinary gray cast iron or ductile iron back to BURDEN; reduce the liquid iron in the alloy elements such as Cr, Mn and other content, reducing its molten iron-containing gas; before the next core sand core all the overhead brush paint and the storage period to prevent the sand core to absorb moisture; in rainy days or high humidity of the season, the next best to use torch to the former core cavity, the surface of sand core baking again, in order to reduce sand-fat content; high-temperature casting a small valve in order to facilitate their own exhaust and the reduction of molten iron casting slag produced. (7) cast 1067mm (42in) F body of the valve, require a fixed Mixer ago on the same backplane Chung upper and lower type, and shall not have any debris on the floor; not allowed to put in other places in order to reduce the variation source; prohibit mold bottom with sand and lifting, to prevent the bottom deformation. (8) cast 2.2n, valve when the sand core in the legs of the core head put an appropriate amount of resin sand, combined type as soon as possible. 4. Improved Statistical Analysis of valve casting scrap After taking the above measures for improvement of the waste valve casting defects in the type of statistics in Table 3 (in waste) and Table 4 (outside the waste). Year, the total production of valves 2413.78t, within the waste rate is 1.15%, 1.73% rate of foreign waste, integrated waste rate was 2.88%. 5. Conclusion Can be seen from the above statistics, valve castings to improve before the waste generated by the improved rate, within the scrap rate has dropped by 2.39 percentage points, outside the scrap rate has dropped by 2.85 percentage points, an integrated scrap rate has dropped by 5.24 percentage points, the effect significant. Taken to improve the measures, the valve manufacturing cost reduction or abolition of 569.2 thousand yuan, and achieved good economic results.