二、软件包管理工具; 1、system-config-packages ; 再重提一下这个工具,放在软件包基础中显示极重要性,放在这里再提一下也适合; 2、yum 在线更新软件包,也能管理本地已经安装的软件包工具; Fedora/Redhat 由于有yum 和apt,这两个强大的在线更新工具以及Fedora 扩充计划的推出,才使其有了第二生命力;yum和apt工具能自动解决依赖关系;常期以来由于软件包的依赖关系不能得到很好的解决,使很多Fedora / Redhat 用户投入到更容易解决软件包依赖的发行版;yum 和apt 无疑是Fedora / Redhat 强心剂; 我们用的是Redhat/Fedora通过在线安装更新软件包,除了系统自带的up2date以外,我们还有更为强大的在线升级工具 yum 和 apt-get 可用。主要资源有 freshrpms.net和 rpm.livna.org ; 一、 yum 的使用; 不用系统自带的图形化工具up2date来升级,却要用 yum是因为up2date 真是奇慢xx,而且经常失去响应;造成机器假死的情况。所以我们还是试一试yum ;另外freshrpms.net 可能比官方站更快的更新升级源,也没有理由不用 yum; 1、首先我们要到下面的地址下载与自己系统相对应的版本的 yum; 比如我用的是Fedora core 4.0 就下载如下的包安装; [root@localhost]# rpm -ivh freshrpms-release-1.1-1.fc.noarch.rpm warning: freshrpms-release-1.1-1.fc.noarch.rpm: Header V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID e42d547b Preparing... ########################################### [{bfb}] 1:freshrpms-release ########################################### [{bfb}] 2、安装软件举例; 比如我要安装能听mp3的 bmp-mp3,只要输入下面的命令行即可,系统就自己工作了; [root@localhost]# yum install bmp-mp3 内容全景如下: [root@localhost]# yum install bmp-mp3 Setting up Install Process Setting up repositories updates-released {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 extras {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 base {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 freshrpms {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 Reading repository metadata in from local files primary.xml.gz {bfb} |=========================| 42 kB 00:03 freshrpms : ################################################## 122/122 Added 122 new packages, deleted 0 old in 0.72 seconds Parsing package install arguments Resolving Dependencies --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. ---> Downloading header for bmp-mp3 to pack into transaction set. bmp-mp3-0.9.7-1.2.fc4.i38 {bfb} |=========================| 2.9 kB 00:00 ---> Package bmp-mp3.i386 0:0.9.7-1.2.fc4 set to be updated --> Running transaction check --> Processing Dependency: libid3-3.8.so.3 for package: bmp-mp3 --> Processing Dependency: libbeep.so.2 for package: bmp-mp3 --> Processing Dependency: bmp >= 0.9.7 for package: bmp-mp3 --> Restarting Dependency Resolution with new changes. --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. ---> Downloading header for id3lib to pack into transaction set. id3lib-3.8.3-11.fc4.i386. {bfb} |=========================| 38 kB 00:05 ---> Package id3lib.i386 0:3.8.3-11.fc4 set to be updated ---> Downloading header for bmp to pack into transaction set. bmp-0.9.7-10.fc4.i386.rpm {bfb} |=========================| 14 kB 00:03 ---> Package bmp.i386 0:0.9.7-10.fc4 set to be updated --> Running transaction check Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================= Installing: bmp-mp3 i386 0.9.7-1.2.fc4 freshrpms 95 k Installing for dependencies: bmp i386 0.9.7-10.fc4 extras 912 k id3lib i386 3.8.3-11.fc4 extras 752 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================= Install 3 Package(s) Update 0 Package(s) Remove 0 Package(s) Total download size: 1.7 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/3): id3lib-3.8.3-11.fc {bfb} |=========================| 752 kB 01:04 (2/3): bmp-0.9.7-10.fc4.i {bfb} |=========================| 912 kB 02:14 (3/3): bmp-mp3-0.9.7-1.2. {bfb} |=========================| 95 kB 00:05 Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing: bmp ######################### [1/3] Installing: id3lib ######################### [2/3] Installing: bmp-mp3 ######################### [3/3] Installed: bmp-mp3.i386 0:0.9.7-1.2.fc4 Dependency Installed: bmp.i386 0:0.9.7-10.fc4 id3lib.i386 0:3.8.3-11.fc4 Complete! 注:yum优点:软件包依赖关系自行解决,比如上面的,我们可以看到本来我们只安装的是bmp-mp3,结果yum 安装也安装了 id3lib ;bmp 一、 yum的一点小用法; 1、查询软件包; 面对成千上万的软件,我们可能无从下手,有时也不知道它的文件名;这时就要用到查询;我们可以用 yum list 来列出yum升级源上的包有文件;然后我们再来查看 info有以下几个组合可以用;比如; [root@localhost]# yum list |more 在显示的软件列表中,会有软件名称、版本、是否安装等;仔细的看一下吧。熟悉了就好了。也没有什么难的。 [root@localhost]# yum list |more Setting up repositories Reading repository metadata in from local files Installed Packages 4Suite.i386 1.0-8.b1 installed Canna.i386 3.7p3-13 installed Canna-devel.i386 3.7p3-13 installed 如果想知道软件的详细信息,可能得用上info参数了。比如: 用法: [root@localhost]# yum info 软件名 比如: [root@localhost]# yum info bmp-mp3 Setting up repositories updates-released {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 extras {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 base {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 freshrpms {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 Reading repository metadata in from local files Installed Packages Name : bmp-mp3 Arch : i386 Version: 0.9.7 Release: 1.2.fc4 Size : 234 k Repo : freshrpms Summary: MP3 playback plugin for the Beep Media Player Description: This package contains an MP3 playback plugin for BMP (Beep Media Player), a media player that uses a skinned user interface based on Winamp 2.x skins, and is based on ("forked off") XMMS. 在上面的例子中,如果Repo : freshrpms是这样的,表示您的系统没有安装这个软件,如果显示的是:Repo : installed,表示已经安装了。 查询软件包,也可以再加参数 grep ,比如我们想查询升级源上是否有内核的新版本,则我们可以用下面的命令查询;当然您也可以用 [root@localhost]# yum search kernel |more ,也就是yum --help提供的参数,也是一样的; [root@localhost]# yum list |grep kernel 我们看一下机器工作的结果,如下: [root@localhost]# yum list |grep kernel GFS-kernel.i686 2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 installed cman-kernel.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 installed dlm-kernel.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 installed gnbd-kernel.i686 2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 installed kernel.i686 2.6.11-1.1369_FC4 installed kernel-devel.i686 2.6.11-1.1369_FC4 installed kernel-doc.noarch 2.6.11-1.1369_FC4 installed GFS-kernel.i586 2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 base GFS-kernel-debuginfo.i686 2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 updates-released GFS-kernel-debuginfo.i586 2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 updates-released GFS-kernel-smp.i686 2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 base GFS-kernel-xen0.i686 2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 base GFS-kernel-xenU.i686 2.6.11.8-20050601.1526 base cman-kernel.i586 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released cman-kernel.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released cman-kernel-debuginfo.i586 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released cman-kernel-debuginfo.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released cman-kernel-smp.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released cman-kernel-xen0.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released cman-kernel-xenU.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released dlm-kernel.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released dlm-kernel.i586 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released dlm-kernel-debuginfo.i586 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released dlm-kernel-debuginfo.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released dlm-kernel-smp.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released dlm-kernel-xen0.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released dlm-kernel-xenU.i686 2.6.11.5-20050601.1526 updates-released gnbd-kernel.i686 2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released gnbd-kernel.i586 2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released gnbd-kernel-debuginfo.i586 2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released gnbd-kernel-debuginfo.i686 2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released gnbd-kernel-smp.i686 2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released gnbd-kernel-xen0.i686 2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released gnbd-kernel-xenU.i686 2.6.11.2-20050420.1331 updates-released kernel.i586 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-debuginfo.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-debuginfo.i586 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-devel.i586 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-devel.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-doc.noarch 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-smp.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-smp-devel.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-xen0.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-xen0-devel.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-xenU.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released kernel-xenU-devel.i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released 比如我们用的机器是单处理器的X86机,想看一下是否有新内核可用。所以咱们试一下下面的这个。看是否已经有了新内核可以升级的; [root@localhost]# yum info kernel.i686 Setting up repositories updates-released {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 extras {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 base {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 freshrpms {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 Reading repository metadata in from local files Installed Packages Name : kernel Arch : i686 Version: 2.6.11 Release: 1.1369_FC4 Size : 37 M Repo : installed Summary: Linux 内核(Linux 操作系统的核心)。 Description: kernel 软件包包含 Linux 内核 (vmlinuz),Red Hat Linux 操作系统的核心。内核处理操作系统的基本功能: 分配内存、处理分配、设备的输入和输出等等。 Available Packages Name : kernel Arch : i686 Version: 2.6.12 Release: 1.1398_FC4 Size : 14 M Repo : updates-released Summary: The Linux kernel (the core of the Linux operating system) Description: The kernel package contains the Linux kernel (vmlinuz), the core of any Linux operating system. The kernel handles the basic functions of the operating system: memory allocation, process allocation, device input and output, etc. 通过上面的信息,我们可以看到 2.6.11的是已经安装了,因为已经显示的是Repo : installed ,下面还有一个Version: 2.6.12 ,告诉我们是Repo : updates-released,看来这个是升级用的了。 [root@localhost]# yum update kernel 升级内核全景如下: [root@localhost]# yum update kernel Setting up Upgrade Process Setting up repositories updates-released {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 extras {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 base {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 freshrpms {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 Reading repository metadata in from local files Resolving Dependencies --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. ---> Downloading header for kernel to pack into transaction set. kernel-2.6.12-1.1398_FC4. {bfb} |=========================| 174 kB 00:18 ---> Package kernel.i686 0:2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 set to be installed --> Running transaction check Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================= Installing: kernel i686 2.6.12-1.1398_FC4 updates-released 14 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Update 0 Package(s) Remove 0 Package(s) Total download size: 14 M Is this ok [y/N]: 是不是升级,只需要在 Is this ok [y/N]:行的后面输入y或者N; 对于软件包的查询,还有,比如: [root@localhost]# yum list available 列出所有升级源上的包; [root@localhost]# yum list updates 列出所有升级源上的可以更新包; [root@localhost]# yum list installed 列出已经安装的包; yum 的命令支持通配符; 比如; [root@localhost]# yum list mp* |more Setting up repositories Reading repository metadata in from local files Installed Packages mpage.i386 2.5.4-5 installed Available Packages mpc.i386 0.11.2-3 extras mpeg2dec.i386 0.4.0-5b.2.fc4 freshrpms mpeg2dec-devel.i386 0.4.0-5b.2.fc4 freshrpms mpg321.i386 0.2.10-6.2.fc4 freshrpms mplayer.i386 1.0-0.16.pre7.2.fc4 freshrpms mplayer-docs.i386 1.0-0.16.pre7.2.fc4 freshrpms mplayer-fonts.noarch 1.1-3.fc freshrpms mplayer-skins.noarch 1.7-1.fc freshrpms [root@localhost]# 2.安装和升级软件包; 安装和升级分别是 install 和 update 参数;比如; [root@localhost]# yum update firefox 这样我们就可以升级 firefox了。 [root@localhost]# yum update firefox Setting up Update Process Setting up repositories updates-released {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:00 extras {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:00 base {bfb} |=========================| 1.1 kB 00:03 freshrpms {bfb} |=========================| 951 B 00:02 Reading repository metadata in from local files Resolving Dependencies --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. ---> Package firefox.i386 0:1.0.6-1.1.fc4 set to be updated --> Running transaction check Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================= Updating: firefox i386 1.0.6-1.1.fc4 updates-released 18 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================= Install 0 Package(s) Update 1 Package(s) Remove 0 Package(s) Total download size: 18 M Is this ok [y/N]: 如果不加参数的 update 会是什么呢?? [root@localhost]# yum update 试着运行一下看看?会好长时间,对系统进行全面更新,我们要进行y和N了。 3.移除软件包要用到remove参数;比如; [root@localhost]# yum remove bmp-mp3 内容全景如下: [root@localhost]# yum remove bmp-mp3 Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Populating transaction set with selected packages. Please wait. ---> Package bmp-mp3.i386 0:0.9.7-1.2.fc4 set to be erased --> Running transaction check Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================= Removing: bmp-mp3 i386 0.9.7-1.2.fc4 installed 234 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================= Install 0 Package(s) Update 0 Package(s) Remove 1 Package(s) Total download size: 0 Is this ok [y/N]: 按y就移除了; 三、yum的图形工具; 一、yum 在线安装、移除、更新及管理rpm软件包工具; 我们除了系统提供的软件包管理工具 system-config-packages ,但这个软件包管理工具,只能用于系统安装盘提供的软件的管理; Fedora也提供了 up2date升级工具,但这个工具明显无任何优势;升级速度慢,效率低下,大多人是忍受不了 up2date折磨的; yum 工具是Fedora 推荐使用的在线升级更新软件包的工具,在安装系统时,一般都是默认安装;yum 是一个命令行式的工具,如果您不习惯命令行式的yum,您可以用yumex和kyum; yumex和kyum并不是独立于yum的,而是yum的图形前端,也就是说,我们在安装和使用yumex和kyum同时,都是以yum的安装和配置为基 础;您在用yumex或kyum 时,必须先安装配置yum ; 二、安装yumex; 注:您在用yumex或kyum 时,必须先安装配置yum ; 如果您用 kde桌面,您可以用kyum,yunex和kyum二者任选其一,找一个自己习惯的就行; 1、yumex 的安装和使用; 首先确认系统是不是有yumex [root@localhost]# rpm -q yumex yumex-0.42-3.0.fc4 如果没有类似的输出,请用下面的命令安装,前提是您已经完成了前面说的yum的配置; [root@localhost]# yum install yumex 2、yumex的调用: [root@localhost]# yumex 3、yumex的操作;会点鼠标就会用 yumex 三、安装kyum ; 注:yumex 和kyum您只需选择一个适合您的就行,没有必要两个都安装,不过尝试一下再做选择也好; 1、安装kyum ; [root@localhost]# yum install kyum 2、调用kyum ; [root@localhost]# kyum 3、用法图示; 四、关于yum补充: yum主页地址: 四、yum的帮助; [root@localhost]# yum --help Usage: yum [options] < update | install | info | remove | list | clean | provides | search | check-update | groupinstall | groupupdate | grouplist | groupinfo | groupremove | makecache | localinstall | shell > Options: -c [config file] - specify the config file to use -e [error level] - set the error logging level -d [debug level] - set the debugging level -y - answer yes to all questions -R [time in minutes] - set the max amount of time to randomly run in -C run from cache only - do not update the cache --installroot=[path] - set the install root (default '/') --version - output the version of yum --exclude=package to exclude --disablerepo=repository id to disable (overrides config file) --enablerepo=repository id to enable (overrides config file) -h, --help - this screen [root@localhost]#man yum 3、apt 在线更新软件包,也能管理本地已经安装的软件包工具; apt+synaptic 小巧轻快,反应速度快,是{zj0}的搭档; apt是轻量级的在线安装升级的软件包管理系统,synaptic 是图形化的apt软件包管理工具。能够管理Fedora core 4.0 系统及升级源的所有的软件包;是一个极为方便的软件包管理工具;两者配合,效果{zj0}; 一、apt的安装和简单用法; 1、apt的安装; #rpm -ivh ... cnc7-6.fc4.i386.rpm 2、导入GPG签名; #rpm --import ... M-GPG-KEY.freshrpms #rpm --import 3、加Fedora core 4.0的源; 在/etc/apt/目录中找到 sources.list,在里面加如下的两行; rpm fedora/linux/4/i386 core extras updates freshrpms rpm fedora/4/i386 lvn 4.apt 简单的应用; 1]安装和配置好apt的{dy}步是执行 apt-get update ,目的是来从apt源中取回软件包的列表;也就是我们上面说的那个sources.list提到的源; [root@localhost]# apt-get update You don't seem to have one or more of the needed GPG keys in your RPM database. Importing them now... Get:1 fedora/linux/4/i386 release [1834B] Fetched 1834B in 8s (222B/s) Get:1 fedora/linux/4/i386/core pkglist [518kB] Get:2 fedora/linux/4/i386/core release [151B] Get:3 fedora/linux/4/i386/extras pkglist [1262kB] Get:4 fedora/linux/4/i386/extras release [155B] Get:5 fedora/linux/4/i386/updates pkglist [1107kB] Get:6 fedora/linux/4/i386/updates release [157B] Get:7 fedora/linux/4/i386/freshrpms pkglist [65.3kB] Get:8 fedora/linux/4/i386/freshrpms release [161B] Fetched 2952kB in 59s (49.9kB/s) Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done 2]安装、升级、移除软件包的用法; a)软件包的安装; [root@localhost]# apt-get install 软件包名称 注:不要加版本号,软件名就好; 比如我们想安装或者升级firefox ,就可以直接用 apt-get install firefox ; [root@localhost]# apt-get install firefox Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following packages will be upgraded firefox (1.0.4-4 => 1.0.6-1.1.fc4) 1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 removed and 234 not upgraded. Need to get 19.2MB of archives. After unpacking 17.0kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 fedora/linux/4/i386/updates firefox 0:1.0.6-1.1.fc4 [19.2MB] Fetched 19.2MB in 6m25s (49.8kB/s) Checking GPG signatures... ########################################### [{bfb}] Committing changes... Preparing... ########################################### [{bfb}] 1:firefox ########################################### [{bfb}] Done. b)移除软件包; [root@localhost]# apt-get remove 软件包名 举例: [root@localhost]# apt-get remove firefox c)对系统全面升级; [root@localhost]# apt-get upgrade [root@localhost]# apt-get dist-upgrade 这两个功能差不多; d)常用的参数选项; [root@localhost]# apt-get install -y 软件包名 比如: [root@localhost]# apt-get install -y gaim 注:如果意外中断的包下载和安装,可以用-y参数来继续下载安装,如上面gaim我下载到10%,可以用上面的命令接着来下载安装或者升级; [root@localhost]# apt-get install -d 软件包名 比如: [root@localhost]# apt-get install -d 注:只是下载软件包,不解包,也不安装,下载到本地机的目录为 /var/cache/apt/archives 3]清理apt-get 后下载下来的包和未完成的包; [root@localhost]# apt-get clean 通过apt-get下载下来的包存放在 /var/cache/apt/archives目录中;有时我们中断一些正在apt-get 的包,这样的包没有xx下载下来;我们也可以清理掉;也可以用继续接着下载安装,也可以清理掉; 这样apt-get clean 就会删除 已经下载完成的位于/var/cache/apt/archives目录的所有包;也会清理掉下载未完成的包位于/var/cache/apt /archives/partial/ 这个功能还是比较有用的,因为apt-get 下载和安装量极大,要定期清理; 二、synaptic的安装和用法; 相对 apt-get的命令行操作来说,synaptic的操作还是极为简单的;synaptic全是点鼠标可视化操作; 1]安装: [root@localhost]# apt-get install synaptic Reading Package Lists... Done Building Dependency Tree... Done The following NEW packages will be installed: synaptic (0.57.2-1.fc4) 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 removed and 234 not upgraded. Need to get 1682kB of archives. After unpacking 4311kB of additional disk space will be used. Get:1 fedora/linux/4/i386/extras synaptic 0.57.2-1.fc4 [1682kB] Fetched 1682kB in 46s (36.2kB/s) Checking GPG signatures... ########################################### [{bfb}] Committing changes... Preparing... ########################################### [{bfb}] 1:synaptic ########################################### [{bfb}] Done. 2]用法 想安装点什么就安装什么; |