鏈枃鐮旂┒锛屽姟浜庤В璇伙紝浠ュ緱鏈枃涔嬫剰涓烘棬褰掋€傝€屾枃浠ヨ█鎴愶紝瑷€浠ュ悕鐣咃紝鏁呮湰鏂囪В璇伙紝蹇呰鍏舵垚鏂囦箣瑷€锛屽療鍏舵寚瀹炰箣鍚嶏紝浠ヨ鲸鏄庡叾鎵€鎸囧疄鐩革紝鏂硅兘寰楀叾鏂囦箣鐪熸剰锛屾涔冩枃鏈В璇讳箣鎵€濮嬶紝鐮旂┒涔嬫墍鏈€傚強鑷冲叾鐮旂┒鎴愭灉鍙戣€屼负鏂囩珷鏃讹紝鍒欏綋鎺ㄦ鍙婂郊鍦颁负璇昏€呯潃鎯筹紝灏嗚嚜宸辩爺绌舵椂鎵€閬囧埌鐨勫叾鏈枃涓偅浜涙浘缁忚鍏惰糠鎯戠殑鍚嶇浉瀹炰箟涓€涓€婢勬竻锛屼互鍒╀簬浠栦汉瑙ｈ銆?/font>
1銆佸箍涔夋€х殑“绉戝”
椹厠鎬濅富涔夊垱濮嬩汉鏄痉璇笘鐣岀殑瀛﹁€咃紝鍏跺師钁楁墍鐢ㄨ瑷€鏈睘寰疯锛屼絾绗旇€呮墍鑳借鍜岃鍒扮殑閮芥槸瀹冧滑鐨勪腑鏂囪瘧鏈紝闃呰涓紝灞¤“绉戝”涓€璇嶏紝缁忚€冩煡锛屽畠鐨勫痉鏂囧師璇嶆槸“wisseschaf t”銆?鍙堣鏂囧痉灏旂彮(Windelband锛?span>Wilhelm锛?848-1915)銆婂摬瀛﹀彶鏁欑▼銆嬶紙1892锛夛紝瑙佸叾涓?ldquo;缁”閮ㄥ垎瀵?ldquo;绉戝”锛坵isseschaft锛変竴璇嶄綔浜嗗涓嬭鏄庯細
“wisseschaft”涓€璇嶅湪娑典箟涓婄浉褰撲簬鑻忔牸鎷夊簳浠ュ悗鐨勫笇鑵婃枃鐚噷鎵€鍑虹幇鐨?ldquo;鍝插”涓€璇嶏紝瀹冨寘鍚袱绉嶆剰涔夛細绗竴绉嶆剰涔夋槸“鎴戜滑璁よ瘑‘鐜板瓨’浜嬬墿鐨勪簳浜曟湁鏉＄殑鎬濇兂宸ヤ綔”锛涚浜岀鎰忎箟鏄?ldquo;鐗规畩绉戝锛屽湪杩欎簺鐗规畩绉戝閲屾垜浠鐮旂┒鍜岃璇嗙殑鏄幇瀛樹簨鐗╃殑涓埆棰嗗煙”銆?/font>
姝ゅ锛屾枃寰峰皵鐝張鍔犳敞璇存槑锛?/font>
“鍦ㄨ嫳璇戞湰涓紝‘science’锛堢瀛︼級涓?lsquo;scientific’锛堢瀛︾殑锛変袱璇嶇敤浜庤繖绉嶆洿骞挎硾鐨勬剰涔変笂銆?lsquo;natural science’锛堣嚜鐒剁瀛︼級涓€璇嶅垯鐢ㄤ簬閫氬父鍗曠嫭鐢?lsquo;science’锛堢瀛︼級涓€璇嶆椂鎵€鎸囩殑鏇寸嫮绐勭殑鎰忎箟銆傚鑳芥彁閱掑垵瀛﹁€咃紝鍝插鍜岀瀛︽€濇兂鏄竴涓笢瑗匡紝鑰岃嚜鐒剁瀛︿笉鏄瀛︾殑鍏ㄤ綋锛屽彲鑳芥槸鏈夊ソ澶勭殑銆?rdquo;
鍙锛屽痉璇?ldquo;wisseschaft”涓€璇嶄笉浣嗗彲浠ユ眽璇戜负“绉戝”锛屼害鍙瘧涓?ldquo;鍝插”锛屽彧鏄綋“绉戝”鎴?ldquo;鍝插”鍧囨寚“wisseschaft”鏃讹紝瀹冧滑鏈変袱绉嶅惈涔夛紝骞朵笖杩欎袱绉嶅惈涔夐兘涓嶆棦涓嶇瓑鍚屼簬鑻辫鎵€璋撶殑“science”锛堢瀛︼級锛屼篃鏈夊埆浜庡痉璇墍璋撶殑“philosophie”锛堝摬瀛︼級锛屽洜涓?span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%">“science”锛堢瀛︼級琚崟鐙娇鐢ㄦ椂鎴栨硾鎸?ldquo;绉戝”鎴栫壒鎸?ldquo;鑷劧绉戝”锛涜€?/span>“philosophie”锛堝摬瀛︼級鍒欏鏂囧痉灏旂彮鎵€璇达細“鎵€璋撳摬瀛︼紝鎸夌収鐜板湪涔犳儻鐨勭悊瑙ｏ紝鏄瀹囧畽瑙傚拰浜虹敓瑙備竴鑸棶棰樼殑绉戝璁鸿堪銆?rdquo;
杈ㄦ竻涓婅堪璇歌瘝涔夛紝鐗瑰埆鏄簡瑙ｅ痉璇?/span>“wisseschaft”鐨勪袱绉嶅惈涔夊強鍏跺尯鍒紝鏈夊姪浜庢垜浠噯纭湴鐞嗚В椹€佹仼鍘熻憲涔嬩腑鏂囪瘧鏈腑“绉戝”涓€璇嶇殑涔夎暣銆傚氨绗旇€呮墍璇讳箣鏂囨湰鑰岃█锛屽叾涓?ldquo;绉戝”涓€璇嶆槸娉涙寚涓€鍒囧闂紝鎵€浠ユ湁璇稿“鑷劧绉戝”銆?ldquo;鍘嗗彶绉戝”銆?ldquo;鍝插绉戝”涔嬬被鐨勫悕璇嶆垨鏈鍜?ldquo;鍏充簬浜虹殑绉戝”銆?ldquo;鍏充簬绀句細鐨勭瀛?rdquo;銆?ldquo;鍏充簬鎬濈淮鐨勭瀛?rdquo;涔嬬被鐨勬彁娉曘€傦紙鍙傝涓嬫枃銆傦級瀵圭収涓婅堪鏂囧痉灏旂彮鎵€璋?ldquo;绉戝”锛坵isseschaft锛夌殑涓ょ鍚箟锛屾樉鐒惰繖浜涚敤璇嶆垨鐢ㄨ涓殑“绉戝”鏄繖涓ょ鍚箟鍏艰€屾湁涔嬬殑銆?/font>
2銆佹潅涔夋€х殑“鍘嗗彶”
灏辩瑪鑰呮墍璇荤殑椹仼鍘熻憲涓瘧鏈€岃█锛屽叾涓?ldquo;鍘嗗彶”涓€璇嶅惈涔夌浉褰撳鏉傦紝鍏规⒊鐞嗗涓嬶細
鍏朵竴锛?ldquo;鍘嗗彶”鎸囪皳璁鸿堪鑷劧鐣岀殑鍘嗗彶鍜屼汉绫诲巻鍙茬殑绉戝銆?/font>
渚嬩竴锛氶┈銆佹仼銆婂痉鎰忓織鎰忚瘑褰㈡€併€嬶紙1845锛夛細
“鍘嗗彶鍙互浠庝袱鏂归潰鏉ヨ€冨療锛屽彲浠ユ妸瀹冨垝鍒嗕负鑷劧鍙插拰浜虹被鍙?/span>銆?/span>……鑷劧鍙?/span>锛?/font>鍗虫墍璋撹嚜鐒剁瀛︼紝鎴戜滑鍦ㄨ繖閲屼笉璋堬紱鎴戜滑鎵€闇€瑕佺爺绌剁殑鏄汉绫诲彶”銆?/span>
鎸夛細杩欓噷椹€佹仼鏃㈣“鑷劧鍙诧紝鍗虫墍璋撹嚜鐒剁瀛?rdquo;锛屽垯浠栦滑鎵€璋?ldquo;浜虹被鍙?rdquo;灏变篃鏈皾涓嶅彲浠ヨ鏄?ldquo;浜虹被绉戝”锛屼絾浠栦滑鏈汉鏈皾浣跨敤杩?ldquo;浜虹被绉戝”涓€璇嶃€?/font>
渚嬩簩锛氭仼鏍兼柉銆婂弽鏉滄灄璁恒€嬶紙1876-1878锛夛細
“璁よ瘑灏卞叾鏈€ц€岃█锛屾垨鑰呭婕暱鐨勪笘浠ｇ郴鍒楁潵璇存槸鐩稿鐨勮€屼笖蹇呴』鏄€愭瓒嬩簬瀹屽杽鐨勶紝鎴栬€呭氨璞″湪澶╀綋婕斿寲瀛?/span>銆?span style="font-emphasize: dot">鍦拌川瀛?/span>鍜?span style="font-emphasize: dot">浜虹被鍘嗗彶涓竴鏍凤紝鐢变簬鍘嗗彶鏉愭枡鐨勪笉瓒筹紝鐢氳嚦姘歌繙鏄湁缂洪櫡鐨勩€佷笉瀹屽杽鐨?rdquo;銆?/font>
鎸夛細杩欓噷鎶?ldquo;浜虹被鍘嗗彶”鍚?ldquo;澶╀綋婕斿寲瀛?rdquo;銆?ldquo;鍦拌川瀛?rdquo;骞朵妇锛屽叾“鍘嗗彶”鏄剧劧涓嶆槸鎸囧瑙傜殑浜虹被鍘嗗彶锛岃€屾槸鏍规嵁涓€瀹氱殑鍘嗗彶鏉愭枡鍐欏嚭鏉ョ殑鍘嗗彶锛屽畠灞炰簬“锛堢锛夊”鑼冪暣銆?/font>
鍏朵簩锛?ldquo;鍘嗗彶”鎸囪皳鎸囪皳瀹綋浜嬬墿鎴栫幇璞＄殑鍙戝睍杩囩▼銆傝繖涓剰涔夌殑“鍘嗗彶”鍙堟湁骞夸箟涓庣嫮涔変箣鍒嗭細
骞夸箟鐨?ldquo;鍘嗗彶”鏄寚璋撹嚜鐒剁晫鍜屼汉绫荤ぞ浼氱殑鍙戝睍杩囩▼锛?/font>
渚嬩竴锛氭仼鏍兼柉銆婅嚜鐒惰京璇佹硶銆嬶紙1873—1886锛夛細
“鍦ㄩ粦鏍煎皵鐨勪綋绯讳腑锛?/font>鑷劧鐣岀殑鍘嗗彶鍦ㄦ椂闂翠笂鏄病鏈変换浣曞彂灞曠殑锛屽惁鍒欒嚜鐒剁晫灏变笉鏄簿绁炵殑鑷垜澶栧湪浜嗐€備絾鏄湪浜虹被鍘嗗彶涓紝榛戞牸灏旀壙璁ゆ棤闄愮殑杩涙杩囩▼鏄?lsquo;绮剧’鐨勫敮涓€鐪熷疄鐨勫瓨鍦ㄥ舰寮忥紝铏界劧浠栫┖鎯冲湴璁や负杩欎釜鍙戝睍鏄湁缁堢粨鐨?mdash;—鍦ㄩ粦鏍煎皵鍝插鐨勭‘绔嬩腑銆?/span>”
鎸夛細杩欓噷浠?ldquo;鑷劧鐣岀殑鍘嗗彶”鍚?ldquo;浜虹被鍘嗗彶”瀵逛妇锛屽叾“鍘嗗彶”鏄剧劧鏄箍涔夌殑锛?/font>
渚嬩簩锛氥€婅垂灏斿反鍝堣銆嬶細
“浜虹被绀句細鍚岃嚜鐒剁晫涓€鏍蜂篃鏈夎嚜宸辩殑鍙戝睍鍙插拰鑷繁鐨勭瀛?/font>銆?rdquo;
鎸夛細杩欓噷“鍙戝睍鍙?rdquo;涔?ldquo;鍙?rdquo;涔熸槸骞夸箟鐨?ldquo;鍘嗗彶”銆?/font>
鐙箟鐨?ldquo;鍘嗗彶”鏄寚璋撲汉绫荤ぞ浼氬彂灞曡繃绋嬨€?/font>
渚嬩竴锛氥€婅垂灏斿反鍝堣銆嬶細
“鍦ㄧ悊瑙ｇ幇瀹炰笘鐣岋紙鑷劧鐣屽拰鍘嗗彶锛夋椂锛屽喅瀹氭寜鐓у畠鏈韩鍦ㄦ瘡涓€涓笉浠ュ厛鍏ヤ负涓荤殑鍞績涓讳箟鎬兂鏉ュ寰呭畠鐨勪汉闈㈠墠鎵€鍛堢幇鐨勯偅鏍锋潵鐞嗚В”銆?/font>
鎸夛細杩欓噷鎷彿涓殑“鍘嗗彶”涓€璇嶅氨鍒嗘槑鏄嫮涔夌殑銆?/font>
渚嬩簩锛氥€婂弽鏉滄灄璁恒€嬶細
“鑷敱鏄湪浜庢牴鎹鑷劧鐣岀殑蹇呯劧鎬х殑璁よ瘑鏉ユ敮閰嶆垜浠嚜宸卞拰澶栭儴鑷劧鐣岋紱鍥犳瀹冨繀鐒舵槸鍘嗗彶鍙戝睍鐨勪骇鐗?/font>銆?rdquo;
鎸夛細杩欓噷“鍘嗗彶鍙戝睍”鐨?ldquo;鍘嗗彶”涔熸槑鏄炬槸鎸囩ぞ浼氬彂灞曞彶銆?/font>
3銆佸涔夋€х殑“鍘嗗彶绉戝”
“鍘嗗彶绉戝”涓嶈薄“鍘嗗彶”閭ｄ箞鍚箟澶嶆潅锛屼絾涔熸湁澶氱鍚箟锛?/font>
鍏朵竴锛?ldquo;鍘嗗彶绉戝”鎸囪皳涓€鍒囩瀛?/strong>銆?/font>
渚嬶細“鎴戜滑浠呬粎鐭ラ亾涓€闂ㄥ敮涓€鐨勭瀛︼紝鍗冲巻鍙茬瀛?/font>銆?rdquo;锛堛€婇┈鍏嬫€濇仼鏍兼柉閫夐泦銆嬬1鍗凤紝浜烘皯鍑虹増绀撅紝1972骞达紝绗?1椤碉級
鍏朵簩锛屼笌“鑷劧绉戝”瀵逛妇锛?ldquo;鍘嗗彶绉戝”鎸囪皳绀句細绉戝銆?/strong>
渚嬶細銆婅嚜鐒惰京璇佹硶銆嬶細
“鍙湁褰?span style="font-emphasize: dot">鑷劧绉戝鍜?span style="font-emphasize: dot">鍘嗗彶绉戝鎺ュ彈浜嗚京璇佹硶鐨勬椂鍊欙紝涓€鍒囧摬瀛﹀瀮鍦?mdash;—闄や簡鍏充簬鎬濈淮鐨勭函绮圭悊璁?mdash;—鎵嶄細鎴愪负澶氫綑鐨勪笢瑗匡紝鍦ㄥ疄璇佺瀛︿腑娑堝け鎺?/font>銆?rdquo;
鍏朵笁锛屼笌“鍝插绉戝”瀵逛妇锛?ldquo;鍘嗗彶绉戝”鎸囪皳绀句細绉戝涓櫎鍝插浠ュ鐨勫叾浠栧绉?/strong>銆?/font>
渚嬶細銆婅垂灏斿反鍝堣銆嬶細
“鍥犳锛屼换鍔″湪浜庝娇鍏充簬绀句細鐨勭瀛︼紝鍗虫墍璋?span style="font-emphasize: dot">鍘嗗彶绉戝鍜?span style="font-emphasize: dot">鍝插绉戝鐨勬€诲拰”銆?/font>
鍏跺洓锛?ldquo;鍘嗗彶绉戝”鎸囪皳涓€鍒囩爺绌朵汉绫诲巻鍙插強绮剧鏂囧寲鐜拌薄鐨勫闂€?/strong>
渚嬶細銆婂弽鏉滄灄璁恒€嬶細
“鎴戜滑鍙寜鐓ц嚜鍙ゅ凡鐭ョ殑鏂规硶鎶婃暣涓璇嗛鍩熷垎鎴愪笁澶ч儴鍒?hellip;…鍦?/font>绗笁绫荤瀛︿腑锛屽嵆鍦ㄦ寜鍘嗗彶椤哄簭鍜岀幇鍦ㄧ殑缁撴灉鏉ョ爺绌朵汉鐨勭敓娲绘潯浠躲€佺ぞ浼氬叧绯汇€佹硶寰嬪叧绯诲拰鍥藉褰㈠紡浠ュ強瀹冧滑鐨勫摬瀛︺€佸畻鏁欍€佽壓鏈瓑绛夎繖浜涜蹇电殑涓婂眰寤虹瓚鐨?span style="font-emphasize: dot">鍘嗗彶绉戝涓?/font>”銆?a title="" name="_ftnref12" href="http://www.sciencenet.cn/312317/FCKeditor/editor/fckblank.html#_ftn12">[12]
鎸夛細鍘熸枃涓涓€绫荤瀛︽槸鎸囨暟瀛︺€佸ぉ鏂囧銆佸姏瀛︺€佺墿鐞嗗銆佸寲瀛︾瓑“绮惧瘑绉戝”锛屽叾鐗圭偣鏄?ldquo;鐮旂┒闈炵敓鐗╃晫浠ュ強鎴栧鎴栧皯鑳界敤鏁板鏂规硶澶勭悊”锛涚浜岀被绉戝鏄寚“鐮旂┒鐢熺墿鏈轰綋”鐨勭瀛︺€?/font>
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