原文：
手动阀门是设备和装置上使用很普遍的一种阀门，它是通过手柄、手轮来操作的。一般情况下手柄、手轮顺时钍旋转规定为关闭方向，逆时针旋转规定为开启方向。但有的阀门启闭方向与上述相反，帮操作前应注意检查启闭标志后再操作。 手动阀门，其手柄、手轮的大小是按正常人为设计的。因此，在阀门使用上规定：不允许操作者借助杠杆和长扳手启、闭阀门。同时手柄长度、手轮直径小于320mm的，只允许一个人操作；直径等于或超过320mm的手轮，允许两人共同操作，或者允许一人借助适当的杠杆(一般长度不超过0.5m)操作。但隔膜阀、非金属阀门是严禁使用杠杆或长扳手操作的，也不允许用过大、过猛的力关闭阀门。 有的操作者习惯使用杠杆和长扳手操作手动阀门，认为关闭力越大越好，其实不然。这样会造成阀门过早损坏，甚至酿成事故。实践证明：除撞击式手轮外，过大过猛地操作阀门容易损坏手轮、手柄，擦伤阀杆和密封面，甚至压坏密封面。其次，手轮、手柄损坏或丢失后，应及时配齐，不允许用活扳手代用。 闸阀和截止阀之类的阀门，关闭或开启到头(即下死点或上死点)时要回转1/4~1/2圈，使螺纹更好密合，以有利操作时检查，以免拧得过紧损坏阀门。 较大口径的蝶阀、闸阀和截止阀，有的设有旁通阀。旁通阀的作用是平衡进出口压差，减少开启力矩。开启时，应先打开旁通阀，然后再开启大阀门。 开启蒸汽阀门前必须先将管道预热，排出凝结水。开启时要缓慢，以免产生水锤现象，损坏阀门和设备。开闭球阀、蝶阀、旋塞阀时，当阀杆顶面的沟槽与通道平行时，表明阀门的全开启位置；当阀杆向左或向右旋90度时，沟槽与通道垂直时，表明阀门在全关闭位置。有的球阀、蝶阀、旋塞阀以扳手与通道平行为开启，垂直为关闭。三通、四通阀门的操作应按开启、关闭、换向的标记进行，操作完毕后应取下活动手柄。 对有标心的闸阀和节流阀，应检查调整好全开或全闭的指示位置。明杆闸阀、截止阀也应雇它们全开和全闭的位置，这样可以避免全开时顶撞死点。阀门全闭时，可借助标尺和记号发现关闭件脱落或顶住异物，以便排除故障。 新安装的管道和设备，内面脏物、焊碴等物较多。常开手动阀门密封面上容易粘有脏物，应用微开方法，让高速介质冲走这些异物，再轻轻关闭。 有的手动阀门在关闭后，温度下降，阀件收缩，使密封面产生细小缝隙，出现泄漏。这样应在关闭后，在适当时间再关一次。 阀门操作正确与否，直接影响阀门的使用寿命。

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译文：
Equipment and installation manual valve is very common to use a valve, it is through the handles, hand wheel to operate. General handle, hand wheel clockwise rotation provisions of thorium close direction, counterclockwise direction of rotation provides for the opening. However, some valves open and close the opposite direction, to help operate the former should pay attention to check the opening and closing flag after the operation. Manual valve, the handle, hand wheel size is designed according to normal subjects. Therefore, the use of the provisions of the valve: the operator does not allow use of leverage and long wrench Kai, close the valve. At the same time the length of the handle, handwheel diameter less than 320mm, and only allows one person operation; diameter equal to or more than 320mm of the hand wheel, allowing the two co-operate, or allow a person with the appropriate lever (generally not longer than 0.5m) operation. But the diaphragm valve, non-metallic valve is prohibited to use leverage, or a long wrench to operate, does not allow used large, excessive force close the valve. Some operators are accustomed to using leverage and long-wrench operation manual valves that shut down power the better, does not. This will result in premature failure of the valve, or even lead to accidents. Practice shows that: In addition to percussive hand wheel, the too big too easy to damage the operation of the valve suddenly handwheel, handle, stem and sealing surface abrasions, and even crushed the sealing surface. Second, the hand wheel, handle damaged or missing, should be promptly filled and does not allow flexible use of wrenches alternative. Valve and valve like the valves, closed or open known everything about genome (that is, at bottom dead or dead) when you turn 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 laps to thread a better seal, enabling operation to check so as not to be overdone damage to the valve. Large diameter butterfly valves, gate valves and globe valves, some with bypass valve. The role of bypass valve is to balance the pressure difference, reduce opening force. Open, should open the bypass valve, then open the large valve. Open the steam valve pipe must first be preheated before, discharge condensate. Turned slowly to avoid water hammer phenomenon, damaged valves and equipment. Opening and closing valves, butterfly valves, plug valves, when the valve stem top surface of the trench is parallel with the channel that all the valve open position; when the valve stem to the left or to the right 90 degrees, the groove and channel vertical, that the valve closed position at all. Some ball valves, butterfly valves, plug valves act to open wrench and channel level, the vertical is off. Three, four-way valve operation should be open, close, change to the tag, the operation should be removed after the event handle. On a standard heart valve and throttle, check the adjustment of good directions fully open or fully closed position. Rising stem gate valve, globe valve should be employed are fully open and fully closed position, so that when fully open to avoid contradicting the dead. Valve fully closed, they can find closure with the ruler and mark off, or withstand the foreign body parts for troubleshooting. The newly installed pipes and equipment, inside dirt, weld slag and other things more. Normally open manual valve sealing surface is easy sticky dirt, applied micro-open ways to speed away the foreign media, and then gently closed. Some manual valve is closed, the temperature dropped, valves contract to produce small sealing surface cracks, leaks occur. This should be closed, at the appropriate time off once again. Valve operating correctly or not, directly affect the life of the valve.