原文：
虽然百年来石油、天然气开发和输送所涉及的阀门产品范围基本上没什么变化，但阀门制造商一直不断地更新阀门技术，积极应对石油、天然气工业市场的变化。如果要在市场上保持{lx1}或不被落下，阀门制造商则要不断更新阀门的设计、制造、服务、销售的技术和过程。事实是石油公司对阀门厂商的要求越来越多：在提供合理价格的基础上，先进的阀门厂商必须擅长解决石油公司面对的问题，在工作环境更恶劣，环保要求更严格的情况下，延展阀门产品的性能，提供更多的服务能力。 （1）金属密封世界市场对石油、天然气需求量迅猛增长，开发原油的足迹也踏遍了地球每一个角落，原油的提取对设备提出了新要求。例如，超深井技术对设备提出了超低温和超高压的挑战。超重质原油的提取是赢利的可选项目，尤其在原油每桶达到30美元时。现在高浓度的沥青烯以及其他的杂质对原油的输送和加工造成了困难。通常输油管道上用的软密封球阀则不能适应工况的要求了，这要求阀门厂商开发金属密封球阀，并能适应温度、压力的变化，甚至在输送固体介质（氢氧化物、焦炭等）时也要保证{jd1}密封。而金属密封技术得益于表面喷涂技术的发展。阀门厂商们希望使用这一技术保持市场的{lx1}地位，并把喷涂技术列入发展战略，他们和研究所、大学合作，希望开发出下一代“超硬”涂层。 （2）防“爆炸减压”2002年，美国石油学会标准API6D规定：设计压力高于ASMEClass600等级的阀门产品必须设计防“爆炸减压”。爆炸减压指阀门内的压力迅速下降时，由于高压作用渗透在密封中的CO2因压力降低迅速膨胀，在阀门关闭过程中造成密封爆皮和断裂，从而导致阀门失效的现象。一家石油公司在深海平台上{dy}次发现阀门爆炸减压现象，阀门失效后该公司不得不停止作业数周更换阀门，结果损失惨重。从此以后，石油公司要求阀门厂商提供的高压阀门必须带有防“爆炸减压”配置。很快，阀门厂商迅速做出反应，开发了防“爆炸减压”密封和防“爆炸减压”阀门以应对苛刻的环境要求。 （3）含硫原油的腐蚀走高的原油价格使得炼油公司把目光放在了含硫原油上，投资开发含硫原油市场利润丰厚，在长期供货合同中也有价格竞争优势。但是含硫原油中含有H2S等腐蚀介质，对设备的耐腐蚀性提出了新挑战。阀门制造商可以提供ISO15156规定许可的材料，也可提供试验（按ISO15156规定）数据以证明阀门材料的耐腐蚀性和长寿命，最终用户便把这些阀门制造商列入耐腐蚀阀门供货商名单。 （4）飞逸性排放ISO15848规定了对阀门飞逸性排放设计的要求，制造商重新设计了普通阀门和特殊阀门的填料、密封排列以适应更新的标准。但是新标准太笼统，要求太严格，所以还有很多石油企业制定了自己的排放标准，例如许多北美公司都参照API622标准的规定。阀门飞逸性排放标准的进一步完善需要阀门制造商、用户、标准制订者三方相互合作，相互借鉴经验，三方共同解决。 （5）提前磨损和设备疲劳为追求经济利益，许多炼油企业都超负荷运行。其结果是没完没了地增容生产设备和改造系统。企业对设备的期望大大超出了设计的初衷，这就要求阀门制造商未雨绸缪，主动参与用户的诸项工作，避免生产过程不合理设计对阀门可靠性、寿命和安全的不良影响。比如，应用在热力循环系统中的阀门容易造成零件热疲劳，拥有工业流程经验的阀门制造者会合理安排阀门，减小问题发生的可能性。 （6）预防性维护石油企业为了确保生产，要求安排设备维护周期。随着阀门测试系统，电子硬件、软件的发展，阀门的预防性维护已经由一个智能化的概念变为了现实。一小部分精通自动化控制的阀门制造商提供数据分析系统，量化阀门操作过程，提供阀门预防性维护时间。 （7）自动执行机构炼油过程自动化是大势所趋，这中间的控制技术已经发展了相当长的一段时间。阀门制造商在阀门上安装自动执行机构以达到自动控制生产的要求。自动执行机构技术得到极大发展。另一方面，生产执行机构的厂商也向用户提供安装着执行机构的阀门产品。于是，执行机构与阀门一体化的趋势对单一的生产商形成了挑战，毕竟用户希望找一家企业解决问题更容易，避免发生扯皮现象。 （8）管线球阀天然气运输管道工程对阀门来说是一个非常庞大而有潜力的市场。对长输管线的监测非常重要。有的公司开发了智能装置，用户可用来对管线进行探测。比如“smartpig”技术。这种机器人可以探测出管壁厚度，甚至腐蚀点。但是探测装置对管线有通径的要求，所以通径球阀成为了长输管线公司的{sx}产品。另一方面，长输管线要求阀门的壁厚尽量薄，阀门材料具有很高的屈服韧性、耐腐蚀性，以适应管线伸缩、转向、地区环境变化的要求。最重要的一点是，长输管线的管理者要求购买的阀门寿命一定要长于管线本身的寿命。

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译文：
Although a century of oil, natural gas development and transmission range of products covered by the valve is basically no change, but the valve manufacturers valve technology has been continually updated and actively deal with oil and gas industry to market changes. If you want to stay ahead in the market or not falling, the valve will have to constantly update the valve manufacturers design, manufacture, service, sales techniques and processes. The fact is that oil companies more and more demand valve manufacturers: the basis of a reasonable price, advanced valve manufacturer must be adept at solving problems faced by oil companies, in the work environment even worse, more stringent environmental requirements of the situation Next, extend valve performance, provide more service capacity. (1) metal seal in the world market for oil, natural gas demand for rapid growth and development of crude oil footprint also travels to every corner of the earth, the extraction of crude oil made new demands on the equipment. For example, the ultra-deep technology equipment proposed ultra-low moderate high pressure challenge. Extra-heavy oil extraction is profitable alternative projects, especially in crude oil 30 dollars a barrel. Now the high concentration of asphaltene and other impurities on the transport and processing of crude oil caused difficulties. Usually oil pipeline ball valve with soft seal are unable to meet the requirements of the condition, which requires the development of metal sealing ball valve manufacturers, and can adapt to temperature and pressure changes, even in the transportation of solid media (hydroxide, coke, etc. ) is also guaranteed to be completely sealed. The surface coating of metal sealing technology due to technology. Valve manufacturers want to use this technology to maintain market leadership, and to include the development of spray technology strategy, they and the Institute, universities, hoping to develop the next generation of "super-hard" coating. (2) defense "explosive decompression" in 2002, the American Petroleum Institute Standard API6D states: the design pressure rating than ASMEClass600 valves must be designed against "explosive decompression." Pressure reducing valve that the pressure within the rapid decline, due to the role of osmotic pressure in the sealed pressure in the CO2 reduction due to rapid expansion, resulting in the valve closed during the burst seal skin and fracture, leading to valve failure phenomenon. An oil platform in the sea the first time that the phenomenon of explosive decompression valve, valve failure the company had to stop work after a few weeks to replace the valve, the results suffered heavy losses. Since then, oil companies asked to provide the high-pressure valve with a valve to prevent "explosive decompression" configuration. Soon, the valve manufacturer to respond quickly to develop the anti-"explosive decompression" sealing and anti-"explosive decompression" valve in response to harsh environmental requirements. (3) sulfur corrosion of the crude oil price for crude oil makes the oil companies to look at the sulfur crude oil, the sulfur content of the crude oil market to invest in profitable, long-term supply contracts are also competitively priced. However, H2S and other sulfur crude oil contains corrosive medium, the corrosion resistance of the equipment a new challenge. ISO15156 valve manufacturers can license the materials provided, also provide test (according to ISO15156 requirements) data to show that the corrosion resistance of the valve materials and long life, the end user Bianba these valves include corrosion resistant valves manufacturer supplier list. (4) The fugitive emissions ISO15848 provides for the design of the valve fugitive emissions requirements, manufacturers redesigned the general valve and special valve packing, sealing arrangement to meet the updated standards. But the new standard is too general, too demanding, so there are many oil companies set their own emission standards, such as many North American companies reference API622 standards. Valve fugitive emissions need to further improve the standard valve manufacturers, users, standard setters Tripartite cooperation, learn from each experience, the three parties together to resolve. (5) Early fatigue wear and equipment for the pursuit of economic interests, many refineries are running beyond its capacity. The result is the endless production equipment and improvement of system capacity increase. Expectations of business equipment far beyond the original intention of the design, which requires manufacturers to take precautions valve, active participation in the user's various tasks, to avoid unreasonable design of the valve manufacturing process reliability, longevity and safety of adverse effects. For example, the application of heat likely to cause circulatory system valve parts in thermal fatigue, with the experience of valve manufacturer of industrial processes will rationalize the valve, reducing the likelihood of the problem. (6) preventive maintenance of oil companies in order to ensure production and equipment maintenance cycles on request. With the valve test system, electronic hardware, software development, preventive maintenance of the valve by an intelligent concept had become a reality. A small part of the master automation control valve manufacturer to provide data analysis system to quantify the valve operation to provide valve preventive maintenance time. (7) automatically executing agency is the trend of automation of the refining process, this technology has been developed to control the middle for a long period of time. Valve manufacturers to install automatic valve actuator to achieve automatic control of production requirements. Automate the development of institutional skills are great. On the other hand, the production executive body of manufacturers to provide installation of the executive body of valve products. Thus, the executing agency and the trend toward integration of the single valve manufacturers have been challenged, after all, users want to find a company to solve problems more easily, avoiding the phenomenon of wrangling. (8) natural gas transport pipeline project pipeline ball valve is on a very large potential market. Monitoring of the long pipeline is very important. Some companies developed the intelligent device, the user can be used to detect pipeline. Such as "smartpig" technology. This robot can detect wall thickness, corrosion even point. But the detection device on the piping diameter of the requirements, so Path ball into the long pipeline's first choice. On the other hand, the long pipeline wall thickness as thin requested valve, valve material has a high yield toughness, corrosion resistance, to accommodate the pipeline stretching, turning, changing demands of the local environment. The most important point is that managers of long pipeline valves required to buy life must be longer than the life of its own pipeline.